DOI: 10.36347/sasjm

Pages: 276-277

Hypercalcemia is a high calcium level in the blood serum. The normal range is 8.5–10.5 mg/dL, with levels greater than 10.5 mg/dL defined as hypercalcemia. It is a condition that most commonly associated with malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism. Treatment for hypercalcemia should be aimed lowering the serum calcium concentration and finding the underlying disease. Effective treatments reduce level of calcium by inhibiting bone resorption, increasing urinary calcium excretion or decreasing intestinal calcium absorption. Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy involving the urinary system. Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma is the predominant histologic type in the United States and Europe, where it accounts for 90 percent of all bladder cancers.