Malaria is one disease which is dangerous in tropical world. Pathophysiological process involves centrilobular liver damage due to invading sporozites causing destruction of RBC. Liver and RBC’s are abundant in Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), an intracellular enzyme, which is released into the circulation on injury of liver and destruction of RBC. Serum LDH activity is an extremely valuable enzymatic marker of acute malarial patients. Alanine Transaminase (ALT) is found largely in liver, so it serves as a marker of liver damage. RBC contain surplus of Acid Phosphatase (ACP). Similarly, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) serves as marker of liver damage. Samples were collected from 68 individuals and Enzymes were assayed on Autoanalyser while ACP was assayed on semi-autoanalyser by Kinetic Method. ). It was detected that enzyme ACP, AST, ALT, ALP activity rises significantly (p<0.05) and increase in LDH is highly significant (p<0.001) in patients with vivax malaria as compared to the control subjects. It was further observed that enzyme AST, ALT, ALP activity increases significantly (p<0.05) and increase in ACP, LDH is highly significant (p<0.001) in falciparum malaria patients as compared to control subjects. The results of the present research provide information and association between hepatic and RBC biochemical derangements in vivax/falciparum malaria patients. Early treatment can be initiated based on these findings to avoid complications and to diminish mortality. These enzymatic markers also have a supportive role in knowing the extent of hemolysis and liver damage and thus the severity of the disease.

Emergency Celiotomy is a high risk procedure. This was a hospital-based descriptive study performed in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Celiotomies are more often than not performed in an emergency setting, where these are life-saving procedures, but because of lack of adequate investigations and pre-operative definitive diagnosis as well as inherent risks of the major surgery and anesthesia, involve a significant risk of morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study is to determine the spectrum of emergency celiotomy. Total number of 265 patients were involved under this study who were admitted to the Department of General Surgery, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur. After collecting the data, the statistical analysis was performed using the licensed version of statistical package for social science version 17 (SPSS-17) available in the department of Preventive and Social Medicine, NIMSR, Jaipur. Peptic perforation (33%), acute intestinal obstruction (21%) and abdominal trauma (21%) are the common causes of Emergency Celiotomy. In our study, early on the day of admission, is the sheet anchor in saving these patients. 82.3% cases of our study were operated within 24 hours of admission. Emergency celiotomy carries with it a high mortality (12.1%) and this mortality is more common in patients with abdominal trauma, because of associated injuries and delayed presentation.

Poisoning is the last consequence of drug action that is harmful to the body. It may be due to overdose or prolonged use of a drug. Any substance that causes deleterious, unwanted and harmful effects on the body is called poison. Poisoning can be acute or chronic. Short time exposure of poison is called acute poisoning whereas repeated, long term or continuous is called chronic poisoning. In chronic poisoning, symptoms may not be seen after each exposure and may be seen after a long period. Poison can cause effects when they are orally taken, injected, swallowed, inhaled or even rubbed on the skin. Commonly observed poisons are pesticides, organophosphates, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, certain plants such as Datura, Cannabis, opium, etc. All of the drugs acting on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system, urinary system, and reproductive system can turn to poisons if used in excess quantity. Almost all categories of drugs are involved in one or other forms of toxic effects depending on the dose. Briefly, all drugs in excess can cause poisoning. The effect of poisoning is ranging from short term illness such as rash, diarrhea, seizures, dilated pupils, nausea to long term complications such as organ damage, coma or even death. Poisoning can be accidental, homicidal or suicidal. The diagnosis of poisoning is based on assessing clinical features history, physical examination and toxicological screening. Such toxic effects must be carefully monitored and treated immediately to save the life of a patient. Assessing the symptoms of poisoning, providing life support to maintain vital signs, elimination of poison, preventing further exposure of poison, and use of the antidotes are the basic principles of management of toxicity. With this background, it becomes essential and interesting to elaborate on the detailed study of poisoning and its management. The present review is therefore planned to know the types, nature, principle, diagnosis, ....

H1N1 [Swine flu], a novel strain of Influenza A virus, has contributed to significant morbidity and mortality. The first case in India was identified in May 2009. Several outbreaks have occurred since then, yet very few studies on complete blood analysis of H1N1Influenza have been reported. We conducted a retrospective study in 158 adult patients for whom H1N1 Influenza A virus was detected by RT - PCR method. Complete blood count reports of all the RT PCR positive patients were collected from the hospital information system and the laboratory data were retrospectively assessed and analysed. RT - PCR is considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of H1N1 Influenza. Although RT PCR is a sensitive test, results are often delayed leading to difficulties in disease management. Rapid diagnosis of H1N1 Influenza is important for early initiation of anti viral therapy. Hence we analyzed the haematological parameters of H1N1 patients to identify a potential marker for H1N1 infection in order to help the clinicians to plan the treatment protocol for patients presenting with Influenza like symptoms while awaiting the PCR / culture reports. We could demonstrate that, lymphopenia and eosinopenia in the presence of clinical parameters may be helpful in identifying the cases of H1N1 while more sensitive laboratory test results are awaited.