DOI: https://doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2025.v13i12.001

Pages: 878-886

The dilemma of environmental pollution has become a hot issue in today’s world. Globalization, industrialization, population growth, and other processes are major factors for Environmental pollution, especially water with highly toxic chemicals, heavy metals, organic contaminants, pathogenic microorganisms, and other different pollutants are major problems all over the world. Due to increased pollution of water resources, the provision of clean and safe drinking water is becoming a challenge, and that exacerbates the shortage of clean water for drinking and other domestic purposes all over the globe. Pollution levels are growing day by day, and innovative technologies are mandatory to tackle the problem. Nanotechnology offers several benefits for enhancing present environmental technologies and developing new ones that are superior to the state of the art. Nanotechnology is the intentional manufacturing or manipulation of a substance at less than 100 nm scale size, whereby this technology enables the manufacture of material-device structures with one-dimensional lengths to realize singular material-device phenomena at those lengths, since a higher reactivity ratio would mean a high volume that increases the activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted much interest in recent years because of their diversified technological applications in photonic crystals with tunable band gaps through photocatalysis and many other special features that have the capabilities to remove diversified organic pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms the way for wastewater treatments, detection of contaminants, and prevention of water pollution.