Use of Response Surface Methodology for Optimising Raw Sorghum Proportion in Barley Malt Wort Production
Malomo Olu, Adekoyeni,O.O, Oluwajoba,S.O., and Alamu, E.A
Sch Acad J Pharm | 247-251
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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A D-optimal design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop a mathematical model for
the optimisation of the proportion of raw sorghum adjunct in barley malt wort production with the use of ceremix
(commercial enzyme). The responses investigated included filtration, dry weight extract, viscosity, total soluble nitrogen
and free amino nitrogen. The results obtained ranged between 106.32-140.09m/s, 294.71-317.62 (1°/kg), 1.34-1.40cP,
288.06-542.28mg/l, and 57.15-101.30mg/l respectively. The variation in the levels of proportion of sorghum adjunct and
barley malt affected the quality of the wort. The model for the filtration and viscosity were quadratic while others were
lineal. The predicted solution for the optimisation is the use of 48.11g of barley malt and 50.00g of sorghum adjunct
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Lamivudine Matrix Tablets
M. Puli Singh, Md. Arshiya, J. Anand, Allam Vamshikrishna, Sai Krushna Padhy
Sch Acad J Pharm | 160-167
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The present work is aimed at preparing and evaluating sustained release matrix tablets of Lamivudine using
different polymers and polymer combinations. Matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression method taking
Carbopol, Ethyl Cellulose, Chitosan, Guar Gum, and Xanthan Gum as polymer as different composition and M1 to M10
total ten formulation were prepared. The powder are evaluated for flow properties and tablet were evaluated for hardness,
friability, dissolution rate, kinetics studies etc. In result it was found that the formulation containing Carbopol, Chitosan,
Ethyl Cellulose, and HPMC combinations controlled the drug release better than the compositions with Guar Gum and
Xanthan Gum combinations
Evaluation of Knowledge and Practices of Omani population in Sur region about the beneficial uses of frankincense - a commonly used natural plant product
Salwa Al Kitani, Shah Alam Khan
Sch Acad J Pharm | 168-172
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Background: Frankincense is one of the most commonly used natural plant product in Sultanate of Oman. It
is an oleogum resin produced by Boswellia sacra, a tree indigenous to the Dhofar region of Oman. Frankincense, known
as Luban in Arabic, is commonly and traditionally used for spiritual as well as for therapeutic purposes since ancient time
in Arabian Peninsula. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of general
Omani population about beneficial uses of frankincense. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was
conducted during May - August, 2012. A self designed questionnaire containing 12 close ended questions was
administered to 100 randomly selected Omani nationals in Sur region. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS ver 13
software. Results and Discussion: The survey results indicated that there was no significant difference in the knowledge,
attitude and practices regarding beneficial uses of Frankincense between male and female participants. Majority of the
participants preferred Omani frankincense and 83.4% of them could recognize at least 1 or more than 1 kind of
frankincense. In general, most of the respondents were aware of beneficial therapeutic uses of luban, but three fourth of
the participants hardly had an idea that incense is considered as potential chemo preventive agent in modern medicine.
Similarly, 38.46% of the participants correctly believed that luban is having anti-inflammatory actions, a fact
substantiated by scientific evidences and its commercial availability in the pharmaceutical market. More than half of the
study population suggested that luban could be used in cosmetic industry because of its aroma and fragrance.
Cardioprotective Effect of Commiphora Wightii (Guggul) in High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats
Madhvi Bhardwaj, Anupam Kumar, Devesh Kumar Joshi, Sandeep Tripathi
Sch Acad J Pharm | 173-179
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Cardioprotective role of Commiphora wightii (guggul) were investigated by monitoring biochemical
parameters in high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic male albino rats. The hyperlipidemic rats co-administered with
400mg/kg bw ethyl acetate extract of Commiphora wightii resins (EACWR) for 45 days. Enzymatic, non-enzymatic
antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, nitrate and inflammatory markers (CRP, COX, XO) were investigated.
Increased level of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, XO, CRP and COX whereas decreased level of SOD, CAT,
GSH, GPx, GR, nitrate level were observed in cardiac tissues of hyperlipidemic rats whereas restoration of above
parameters towards normalcy were found in EACWR treated hyperlipidemic rats. Improved endothelial lining and
cardiac function is attributed to enhance NO bioavailability due to EACWR treatment and represents a pharmacological
approach to prevent major complications associated with oxidative burden and inflammation as a result of
hyperlipidemia in cardiovascular disorders.
Optimization of fermentation medium components to improve α-amylase production by submerged fermentation technology
A. Vengadaramana, S. Balakumar, V. Arasaratnam
Sch Acad J Pharm | 180-186
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The fermentation medium composition and fermentation design greatly affects both the growth and
productivity of extracellular enzymes from microorganisms. The objective of the research is to improve the α-amylase
production by Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 6346 by optimizing fermentation medium compositions in submerged
fermentation. The fermentation medium contained (L-) 2.0 g soluble starch, 1.0 g (NH4)2SO4, 2.0 g peptone, 1.0 g NaCl,
0.005 g FeCl3, 0,005 g MgCl2.6H2O, 0.005 g CaCl2.2H2O, 1.0 g KH2PO4 and 2.5 g K2HPO4 α. Production of α-amylase
in the fermentation medium was 20.1 UmL-1. Optimizing the concentration of the components to (L-) 4 g soluble starch,
5 g (NH4)2SO4, 7.5 g K2HPO4, 4.0 g KH2PO4, 6 g peptone, 0.01g CaCl2.6H2O, 0.01 g MgCl2.6H2O and 0.01 g FeCl3 have
improved the α-amylase production from 20.1 to 44.1 UmL-1
Species composition and medicinal importance of Pteridophytes in Paderu forest region, Eastern Ghats of India
G.M.Narasimha Rao, S.V.V.S.N.Dora, K.Vijaya Lakshmi
Sch Acad J Pharm | 187-189
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Some species of Pteridophytes are used as food, fodder and Bio-fertilizer, besides some species are used for
treating the several ailments by the tribal people of our forest zones. Studies were made for a period of one year from
January to December 2012 on species abundance and composition of Pteridophytes in different parts of Paderu forest
division. A total of 15 species belongs to 10 families were recorded in this investigation. Medicinal value of these species
was discussed. Quadrate study was used to collect the quantitative data on density of different species of Pteridophytes.
Maximum density was reported for the species Adiantum caudatum, Selaginella involvense and Heminitis arifolia.
Phytochemical analysis and Cytotoxicity studies of Bryophyllum calycium in BHK-21 cells A.
Joshi A, Chauhan RS
Sch Acad J Pharm | 190-194
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Bryophyllum calycium is a common medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of India founded in the
region of Uttarakhand near Nainital, for curing various infections, bowel diseases, healing wounds and other ailments.
However, its anticancer properties are poorly defined so this was done to extract its anticancer property against BHK-21
cells. This study is a step towards evaluation of the plant against cancer. Methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extract of the
leaves of Bryophyllum calycium were screened for their anticancer properties. The cells were seeded with all the extracts
and then allowed to grow for 24hrs, the cell growth was inhibited and rounding and clumping of cells were observed
within 24hrs. Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts showed better response then that of its methanolic extract. The
concentration of 10 mg/ml of ethanolic extract inhibited the cancerous growth with high affinity. The extracts inhibited
the growth of the cancerous cell lines
Isolation of Novel Phytoconstituents from the Bark of Wonder Tree: Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce
Sumitra Singh, Vijay Naresh, Surendra Kr Sharma
Sch Acad J Pharm | 195-198
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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A phytochemical investigation was conducted on the bark of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (subfamily
Mimosaceae, family Leguminosae/Fabaceae). Two Phytoconstituents from bark namely paeonol and ferulic acid were
isolated from the ethanol extract of air dried bark of Prosopis cineraria by column chromatography, analysed and
identified by its mass fragmentation pattern and spectrophotometric data. Their structures were established on the basis
of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, NMR) data analysis and by comparison of the data obtained with those of the
literature.
Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microbeads of Glimepiride
M. Tejakrishna,V.Sai Kishore, K.V.S.Prasada Rao,B.Sudheer
Sch Acad J Pharm | 199-208
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The main objective of this present research work is to achieve sustained release of Glimepiride and to enhance
the gastrointestinal residence time, for this purpose mucoadhesive microbeads were formulated by employing Ionic
gelation method with HPMC and NaCMC as coating polymers. Formulated mucoadhesive microbeads were properly
evaluated for size distribution, tapped density entrapment efficiency, wall thickness, drug release studies, SEM and GI
residence time. In this present research influence of polymer on rate of drug release and concentration of polymer coat on
rate of drug release from the Glimepiride mucoadhesive microbeads were studied. The rate of drug release was found to
be decreased by increasing the concentration of the coat polymer. The rate of drug release was found to be less for
mucoadhesive microbeads formulated by NaCMC than compared to mucoadhesive microbeads formulated by HPMC.
The mucoadhesive microbeads prepared with HPMC and Glimepiride in 1:9 ratio shown prolonged drug release up to 12
hours. The release follows first order kinetics and mechanism of drug release was found to be governed by diffusion
mechanism.
Industrial Important Microbial alpha-Amylase on Starch-Converting Process
Vengadaramana A
Sch Acad J Pharm | 209-221
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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In this review properties and industrial application of microbial α-amylase produced by bacteria and fungi are
discussed. α-Amylases are among the most important enzymes and are of great significance in industrially and ability to
hydrolysing starch and related saccharides. The properties of amylolytic enzymes usually reflect the characteristics of the
environment occupied by the living organism. α-Amylases are produced by microorganisms using submerged and solid
state fermentation technique. The kinetic properties of α-amylase such as optimum temperature, optimum pH and
thermostability are important in the development of fermentation process. Calcium ions are essential for activity and
stability of α-amylases.
Pongamia pinnata: An Overview on Ethobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
Atul Kumar Gangwar, Ashoke K.Ghosh
Sch Acad J Pharm | 222-226
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Pongamia pinnata Linn. Pierre commonly known as ‘Karanj’ belonging to Leguminosae family (sub familyPapilionaceae) has been used in different system of traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases. It
contains various phytoconstituents belonging to alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, fixed oils, and carbohydrates. The
roots of Pongamia pinnata are good for cleaning foul ulcers, cleaning teeth, strengthening gums and gonorrhoea. The root
paste for local application in scrofulous enlargement. The fresh bark of Pongamia pinnata is sweet and mucilaginous to
taste, soon become bitter and acrid. It is antihelmintic and useful in beri-beri, ophthalmology, dermatopathy,
vaginopathy, and ulcers. Leaves of Pongamia pinnata are digestive, laxative, anthelmintic and are good for diarrhea,
leprosy, dyspepsia and cough. Flowers are useful to quench dipsia in diabetes and for alleviating vata and kapha. The
seeds are anthelmintic, bitter, acrid, haematinic and carminative. They are useful in inflammation, chronic fevers,
anaemia and hemorrhoids. The oil is anthelmintic, styptic and recommended for opthalmia, leprosy, ulcers, herpes and
lumbago. Its oil is a source of biodiesel
Edible Vaccines: A new Approach for Immunization in Plant Biotechnology
Swapna Latha Aggani
Sch Acad J Pharm | 227-232
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Vaccines are most widely used in the world. They have reduced the mortality rate caused by various infectious
organisms. Prevention of diseases is the most appropriate approach to health. Vaccines trigger and prepare our body’s
defense mechanisms so that the system is able to fight and eliminate the pathogens when encountered due to natural
infection. But a mind disturbing reality unrecognized is the ever growing no of individuals suffering from adverse
reactions to vaccines. Each year, millions of children in underdeveloped countries have no access to immunization. The
traditional vaccines are expensive and, require special conditions for storage, distribution and & dispensing. Edible
vaccines can be one of the alternatives of the traditional vaccines. Edible vaccines are cheaper, easy-to-administer and
store, readily acceptable socially; especially for the poor and developing countries. The technique for production of
edible vaccines involves introduction of selected desired genes of immunogenic proteins from various pathogens into
plants and animals and then inducing these altered organisms to manufacture the encoded proteins. Edible vaccines are
targeted to provide mucosal as well as systemic immunity. The future of edible vaccines depends on acceptability for
genetically modified foods. Successful implementation of edible vaccines relies on how well we overcome various
technical obstacles, regulatory issues and non-scientific challenges. This paper reviews the method of preparation, mode
of action, advantages, limitations, applications, clinical trails related to edible vaccines which can create significant
impact on promotion of global health
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial studies of new novel derivatives of 2-amino-6- chlorobenzothiazole
Saarangi Ramesh, Suvendu Saha , B.Sudhakar
Sch Acad J Pharm | 233-240
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Benzothiazoles and several of their derivatives have been found to be greater interest in view of their varied
biological and pharmacological properties. The present work was made an attempt to synthesize some novel compounds
comprising benzothiazole moiety and thiazolidinone, azetidinone. Twenty four compounds of 2-(6-chloro-(1,3)
benzothial-2-yl)amino)-N-benylidene acetohydrazides(Va-h),2-(6-chloro-benzthiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(2-aryl-4-
oxathiazolidin-3-yl) acetamides VI(a-h) and 2-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl)amino)-N-(4-aryl-3-chloro-2-oxoazetidene-1-
yl)acetamides (VIIa-h) were synthesized. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by TLC, IR and HNMR
spectral properties.The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity mainly antibacterial and antifungal activity. Tested compounds exhibited moderate to good antimicrobial activity against gram +ve and gram –ve
bacteria. A few of the compounds exhibited antifungal activity equal to standard drug against Aspergillus flavus and
weak against Candida albicans.
Medicinal importance of Euphorbia hirta Linn.
Y. Pounikar, P. Jain, N. Khurana, S. Patil, L. K. Omray, A. Gajbhiye
Sch Acad J Pharm | 241-246
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Medicinal herbs have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substance of different
composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. These plant
metabolites according to their composition are grouped as alkaloids, glycosides, corticosteroids, essential oils etc.
Euphorbia hirta, (family-Euphorbiaceae) is an herb found in many parts of the world. Euphorbia hirta is known as dudhi
in hindi possesses a number of medicinal properties. In Sanskrit it means “Dugadhika” According to the Doctrine of
Signatures, the plant has a reputation for increasing milk flow in women, because of its milky latex, and is used for other
female complaints as well as diseases of the respiratory tract. The plant has been reported as increase in urine output,
antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory etc. Euphorbia hirta is locally used in Africa and Australia to treat
numerous diseases, including hypertension and edema. In this part of discussion the medicinal uses and the research and
development regarding Euphorbia hirta are focused.
Snake Bite Problem in India: An Overview
J.K. Lalla,Sunita Ogale,Priyanka Goswami, Zaid Temrikar, Geeta Talele
Sch Acad J Pharm | 252-259
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Snakebite is a medically and socially significant issue in India. Even in the 21st century India still is an
agrarian country. Indian farmers are vulnerable to snake attacks as they mostly work bare foot with limited protection.
There are currently seven pharmaceutical laboratories in India which produce anti-venom against four medically
important Indian snake species Cobra (Naja sp.), Krait (Bungarus sp.), Russell‘s viper (Daboiarusselii) and Sawscaled
viper (Echiscarinatus sp.), the ‗big four‘ further exasperates the situation. The price is also out of reach of most people.
In this Review article we are highlighting about the fact that India has the worst snakebite problem in the world, largely
affecting poor people and children from rural communities & in India there is need for superior techniques for making
anti- venoms.
Effect of fine lactose fraction on in vitro deposition of Mometasone furoate dry powder inhaler
Mahesh M.Giri, Ashish Mungantiwar, Bhanu Pratap Sahu, Sanjay Saha
Sch Acad J Pharm | 260-267
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Dry powder inhaler (DPIs) has attained considerable attention due to their propellant-free formulation and the
patient’s inherent coordination with actuation. Dry powder inhaler consist of micronized (<5um) drug alone or mixed
with carrier particles. Lactose is the more widely used carrier in dry powder inhalers (DPIs).This study was carried out to
investigate the effect of weight fraction of fine lactose as a carriers on aeroionisation behaviour of Mometasone furoate
dry powder inhaler.Lactohale 200 and Lactohale 210 two commercial lactose monohydrate were belened in different
ratios with fixed amount Mometasone furoate .A low resistance Rotahaler and medium resistance Cyclohaler were
used to evaluate the effect of inhaler design on the deposition profiles of Mometasone furoate.Average fill weight per
capsule, content uniformity, Uniformity of delivered dose by DUSA, invitro depositon, Moisture content, Assay .Twin
stage liquid impinger was used to determine the invitro deposition of Mometasone furoate.Better invitro depositon was
observed formulation having lactose ratio (70:30),that is 70% coarse lactose and 30% lactose fine
GC-MS Analysis of Chloroform Extract of Solanum Nigrum Leaf
Sivakamasundari, Ravishankar, Mariajancyrani, Chandramohan
Sch Acad J Pharm | 268-273
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Plants are the almost exclusive source of medicine with qualities for thousands of years. Mainly on traditional
remedies such as herbs for their history it has been used as a popular folk medicine. The chemical compounds in
solanum nigrum help in treating aliments like liver diseases, cancer, diabetes, and kidney diseases by functioning as
antioxidants. The present study focuses on the analysis of the chloroform extract of solanum nigrum leaves by GC-MS.
The study revealed the presence of 23 phyto components such as palmitic acid, phytol, hexacontan, Ethyl linoleolate.
The mass spectra of these compounds were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Library.
Formulation and Evaluation of Amlodipine Immediate Release Tablet
N. Bose Babu, Narendra Chary. T, Fulchan Ali, K. Suresh, Ch. Upendar
Sch Acad J Pharm | 274-281
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The purpose of this research is to prepare amlodipine immediate release tablets by direct compretion method.
In order to obtain the best, optimized product four different formulations were developed. Different super disintegrants,
binding agents and lubricant were taken as variables. Weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time,
in-vitro release and pharmaceutical assay were studied as response variables. Capping was observed in formulation
containing PVP K-30.The formulation F4 was selected as optimized formulation. The different physical properties and
in-vitro release profile showed best results with the reference product.
