Developmental Studies on Alginate Films for Ophthalmic Use
Celina Nazareth, Swati M. Keny, Leena Sawaikar
Sch Acad J Pharm | 1-5
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Sodium Alginate is a natural amylose carbohydrate distilled from alga. In the area of topical ocular
administration, important efforts concern the design and the conception of new ophthalmic drug delivery systems which
are able to prolong the residence time. The use of inserts, which are solid devices to be placed in the cul-the-sac or on the
cornea, represents one of the possibilities to reach increased residence time and thus improve bioavailability. Naturally
occurring water-soluble anionic polysaccharides which are hydrophilic, but can be made insoluble by cross-linking with
polyvalent cations are preferred. These are compatible with the tissues of the eye and are bioerodible. They include the
seaweed gums such as algin, alginic acid, etc. In the present work, Sodium alginate as a bioerodible material was studied
and evaluated for its possible utilization as an ocular insert. The alginate films were hardened using three different
polymetallic salts like Calcium Chloride(CaCl2), Barium Chloride (BaCl2) and Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2). Commonly used
ophthalmic drug-Timolol maleate was tried. Later the effects of hydrophobic coating on the release rates were studied by
coating the film with 4% Ethyl cellulose in Chloroform. It was seen that Sodium alginate films insolubilized using CaCl2,
BaCl2 and ZnCl2 could be used as bio-erodible material for ophthalmic use. The films showed promising drug release
through diffusion controlled release process. Coating with hydrophobic material was found to decrease the initial fast
release though the pattern remained unchanged. Thus Sodium alginate films hardened with Ethyl cellulose shows
promising effect as a bio-erodible material for ocular inserts.
Aeromycoflora of Jackman Memorial Hospital, Bilaspur (C.G.)
Rita Shabnam Luka, Kavita Sharma, Preeti Tiwari
Sch Acad J Pharm | 6-8
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Today the air surrounding us is getting polluted with different types of particles it may be biological (for
example, pollen grains, fungal spores, viruses, actinomycetes and other bacteria, fern and moss spores, algal colonies,
plant fragments, small seeds, protozoa, mites and insect fragments) or non-biological (for example, soot, diesel exhaust
particles, ashes, sand and mineral fragments such as silicate minerals). Therefore this study was carried out to collect the
data on the presence of fungal species in the hospital environment. This study was carried out from July 2011 to June
2012. During this 48 fungal species (367 fungal colonies) belonging to 34 fungal genera were isolated. In Zygomycotina,
Mucor racemosus (50%), in Ascomycotina, Eupenicillium purpurogenum (25%), in Anamorphic Fungi, Aspergillus
niger(100%), Mycelia sterilia (Black) (25%) showed highest percentage frequency. Few species isolated from the study
area are reported pathogenic and therefore cleanliness should be maintained
Tea: An Oral Elixir
P Vinodh Kumar, B S Shruthi
Sch Acad J Pharm | 9-18
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Tea, a traditional beverage originally from China, is the oldest, most popular, non-alcoholic caffeinecontaining beverage in the world, and is prepared from the infusion of dried leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis.
The three main different kinds of tea produced from the plant Camellia sinensis based on the process of oxidation are:
green tea – non-oxidized, oolong tea – partially oxidized and black tea – fully oxidized. In vitro studies have shown that
tea possesses diverse pharmacological properties to promote general health but these responses cannot always be
reflected in human studies due to the use of physiologically unattainable tea concentrations in these experiments. There is
a growing amount of in-vitro and in-vivo research identifying tea‟s potential oral health benefits. Tea found to be
anticariogenic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, etc can be used as an effective
preventive agent for common oral diseases. However, further longer term, well controlled human trials are required
before any firm conclusions can be made. This review provides an insight on the multitude of actions of tea in oral cavity
as a preventive and therapeutic agent.
A Comprehensive Ethno-pharmacological and Phytochemical Update Review on Medicinal Plant of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. of Bangladesh
Fatema Binte Hafiz, Nayeem Md. Towfique, Monokesh Kumer Sen, Shamima Nasrin Sima, Bably Sabina Azhar, M Mizanur Rahman
Sch Acad J Pharm | 19-25
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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This review paper focused on ethno-pharmacological uses and phytochemical constituents of Terminalia
arjuna Roxb., an important medicinal plant of Bangladesh, used in various indigenous system of medicine. This review
has been conducted to pile up information that is available in different scientific literatures. It is observed that a large
number of phytochemical components have been obtained from the plant e.g. arjunin, arjunetin, gallic acid, terminic acid,
pyrocatechols, luteolin, β-sitosterol, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and these components exhibit various medicinal
and pharmacological activities such as anti-mutagenic, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, anti-diabetic etc. The present comprehensive update review is therefore, an effort to give detailed
information on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of T. arjuna Roxb. and this information will help the
researchers to carry out research on this pharmaceutically important medicinal plant
Benzisoxazole containing Thiazolidinediones as Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ Agonists: Design, Molecular Docking, Synthesis & antidiabetic studies
Shriram S. Purohit, Veerapur V.P
Sch Acad J Pharm | 26-37
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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A series of novel benzisoxazole containing thiazolidinediones were designed, docked with PPAR-γ protein
leading to identification of a highly potent PPAR-γ agonist, compound S7. Based on molecular docking studies and
lipinski’s rule of five, nine analogues out of 12 were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and Mass
spectra. Anti-diabetic activity of nine analogues was evaluated in alloxan (70 mg/kg, i.v.)-induced diabetes in mice
[single-dose one day study]. The molecular docking and the pharmacological studies revealed that the distances between
the acidic group and the linker, when a ligand was complexed with PPAR-γ protein, are important for the potent activity.
The acidic head part of S7 makes intensive hydrophobic interaction with the PPAR-γ protein resulting in potent activity.
In-Vitro Trypanocidal Activity of Aqueous Stem Bark of Haematostaphis barteri against Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Wurochekke, Abdullahi Usman, Bello, Huseini, Yusuf, Hajara Balarabe, Mahmoud Suleiman Jada
Sch Acad J Pharm | 38-42
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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In vitro trypanocidal activity of crude and fractionated aqueous stem bark of H. barteri against Trypanosoma
brucei brucei and congolense was investigated. Varying concentrations of the crude extract were incubated with the
parasites in the wells of microtitre plates. Motility of the parasites was monitored at 5 minutes interval for 1 hr. The crude
extract was fractionated chromatographically using different solvents and in vitro trypanocidal activities of the eluents
against the test organisms determined. Phytochemical screening of both the crude and fractionated extract revealed the
presence of secondary metabolites that include flavonoids, tanins, alkaloids, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The crude
extract had the highest in vitro trypanocidal activity. Motility of T. congolens ceased 40 minutes after incubation with
the crude extract at 0.25 mg concentration. Motility of both parasites ceased 35-40 minutes after incubation with 0.5mg
of the crude extract. Fractionation reduced insignificantly the in vitro trypanocidal activity against the parasites. Among
the four fractions obtained, Methanolic fraction gave the highest trypanocidal activity. Parasite motility stopped 35-40
minutes after incubation. It is obvious that the stem bark of H. barteri has in vitro trypanocidal activity and fractionation
of the crude spatially distributed the various metabolites among the solvents.
Phytochemical Screening of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn
G.C. Mamatha, E. Venkatanagaraju, K. Neelima, P. Madhulatha, V. Madhuri
Sch Acad J Pharm | 43-44
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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This work has been undertaken for the preliminary phytochemical studies on different extracts of Euphorbia
thymifolia Linn belongs to family Euphorbiaceae reveals the presence of steroids, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavanoids,
triterpenoids, gums, fats & oils, tannins & phenolic compounds. Where as alkaloids, proteins and amino acids were
totally absent in this plant.
Design and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Levocetrizine Hydrochloride
Anisree. G. S, Anu. V, Rauof. P, Megha.V, Jouhara. O. P, Abeera. C. H
Sch Acad J Pharm | 45-49
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The purpose of this research work was to develop mouth-dissolving tablet of Levocetrizine hydrochloride.
Tablet containing drug and excipients were prepared by direct compression method. Excipients in combinations were
incorporated to achieve the aim. Effect of different combinations was studied to optimize the ideal formulation. Drug
excipients interaction studies were carried out by FTIR spectral analysis. The tablets were evaluated for their hardness,
wetting time, disintegrating time and dissolution parameters. It was concluded that the tablets having the combination of
crosspovidone and microcrystalline cellulose met all the evaluation parameters and thus selected as the optimized
formulation. Optimized formulation was undergone for stability testing as a parameter to predict the shelf life as per ICH
guidelines and proved for its adequate shelf life
Antifungal and Phytochemical Screening of Hyptis suaveolens (L.Poit) Lamiaceae On Aflatoxin Producing Fungi
P. N. Rajarajan, K. M. Rajasekaran, N. K. Asha Devi
Sch Acad J Pharm | 50-52
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The present communication deals with the antifungal and preliminary phytochemical screening on the Hyptis
suaveolens (L. Poit) Lamiaceae. The plant is stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic antirheumatic, antisuporitic bath. It is
also used for parasitical cutaneous diseases, infection of uterus, and as sudorific in catarrhal condition, headache,
stomach, snuff to stop bleeding of the nose. The antimicrobial effect of Hyptis suaveolens leaves extract was evaluated
methanol extracts was carried out by using fungus like, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The in vitro
antimicrobial evaluation was carried out by agar disc-diffusion method. Preliminary phytochemical screening shows the
presence of volatile oil, starch, proteins, tannins, saponins, fats, alkaloids and glycosides etc. Hyptis suaveolens leaves
may be considered as an alternative and effective inhibitor of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, in addition
to offer some protective effect to the production of aflatoxins.
In Vivo Assessment of the Nutritional and Subchronic Toxicity of Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Tubers
Ndouyang CJ, Nguimbou RM, Njintang YN, Scher J, Facho B, Mbofung CMF
Sch Acad J Pharm | 53-60
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Tacca leontopetaloides tubers are largely used as food in sahelian arid zone during the periods of cereal
shortages. The tubers are traditionally subject to post harvest treatments in order to eliminate the bitterness and toxicity.
The present study evaluated the subchronic toxicity of processed and unprocessed tacca in rat models (Rattus norvegicus
L.) one month old. Rats were fed for 7x7 days on aperitif (1.5 g) in the morning and standard food (no restriction) in the
evening. The basic composition of aperitifs was 20% fish and 80% cassava. In the experimental design, the groups were
formed by substitution of cassava with processed (100%) and unprocessed tacca (100%, 66% and 33%). The change in
body weight and plasmatic biochemical parameters of rats groups were determined every week. The results revealed that
while the consumption of processed tacca was 100%, the aperitif intake increasingly diminished as the level of
unprocessed tacca increased. Rats fed unprocessed tacca excreted more lipids in feces as the intake level increased.
Generally no significant difference was observed on the organ weight while rats groups fed unprocessed tacca presented
high levels of plasmatic transaminases and high level of cholesterol. Beside no significant difference was observed on the
hematological parameters.
Biological and Chemical Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Dalbergia saxatilis Hook F. (Fabaceae)
Okwute Simon Koma, Fatokun Ayodeji Fakunle
Sch Acad J Pharm | 61-65
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The air-dried powdered leaf of Dalbergia saxatil is was extracted with 95% ethanol to obtain the crude extract
which was fractionated into acidic, basic, non-polar and polar neutral fractions. The crude ethanol extract exhibited a
reasonably potent anti-oxidant activity in DPPH free- radical scavenving assay between 0.2 and 0.5 mg/ml. The crude
extract and fractions were screened for antimicrobial activity against six pathogens. Among the fractions, the neutral
hexane displayed appreciable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and C. albicans at 200,
400, 400, and 600 µg/ ml, respectively. Column chromatographic purification of the non-polar neutral fraction followed
by GC-MS analysis of the column fractions showed the presence of four phenolics and a pregnane derivative. Hydrodistillation of the fresh leaf gave essential oils which on GC-MS analysis revealed a number of volatile components
including four terpenoids, and two fatty acid esters. These compounds may account for the observed bioactivities of the
leaf extracts of D. saxatilis
Calcium antagonist of n-butanol fraction (BuF) from the stem bark of Terminalia superba Engl. et Diels (Combretaceae) on rabbit duodenum
Nomane Bernard Goze, Kouakou Léandre Kouakou, Nahounou Mathieu Bléyéré, Brou AndréKonan, Kouao Augustin Amonkan, Kouakou Jean Claude Abo, Ehouan Etienne Ehilé
Sch Acad J Pharm | 66-72
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The Objective of the present study was to investigate the pharmacological effects and the possible mechanism
(s) that mediated the effects of the organic fraction from n-butanol-water partiton (50:50 v/v) of the stem bark of
Terminalia superba and to screen for the presence of phytochemical constituents which can be responsible for these
observations. Organic n-butanol fraction (BuF) from the stem bark of Terminalia superba was evaluated for its capacity
to induce spasmolytic effect on spontaneous contraction of isolated rabbit duodenum as well as for its possible calcium
blocking actions. Pieces of rabbit duodenum (3cm) were mounted in an organ bath containing air bubbled Mac Ewen
solution with 1g initial tension. The non cumulative concentrations of BuF exhibited a significant (p<0.05) relaxation on
the spontaneous contraction of isolated rabbit duodenum for concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.08 mg/ml. The precontracted duodenum by ACh (2.20x10-6mg/ml), KCl (2.43 x10-6mg/ml) and BaCl2 (2.30 x10-6mg/ml) were relaxed by
the non cumulative concentrations (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/ml) of BuF (p<0.05). In high potassium (2.43 x10-6mg/ml)
Ca2+-free Mac Ewen solution, non cumulative concentration of CaCl2 (2.02 x10-3µg/ml) induced duodenum contractions.
However, the non cumulative concentrations of BuF
Antimicrobial activity and Characterization of Marine bacteria in Coastal sea water
P. Jeganathan, K.M. Rajasekaran, N.K. Asha Devi
Sch Acad J Pharm | 73-78
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Coastal seawater samples were collected from Rameswaram, Ramanathapuram District. Twenty five bacteria
were isolated and identified according to morphology, biochemical tests and selective growth media. The active marine
bacteria isolates were assigned to the genera Alteromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Pseudoalteromonas sp. The TLC
autobiographic overlay assay implied that the antimicrobial metabolites produced by four strains with wide antimicrobial
spectrum were different. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial activity against the test organisms of Salmonella typhi,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Streptococcus mutans. Only 2 isolates of MB11 and
MB17 showed clean growth inhibition zone against test organisms. These marine bacteria were identified and expected to
be potential resources of natural antibiotic products
Green chemistry experiments in postgraduate laboratories
Ruchi Verma, Lalit Kumar, Vijay Bhaskar Kurba
Sch Acad J Pharm | 79-81
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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The present review focus on various green chemistry approaches which could be used in the practical classes
for postgraduate level when compared with conventional synthetic methods. These methods avoid the usage of hazardous
substances and are environmental friendly.
Nanosuspension – A Novel Carrier For Lipidic Drug Transfer
Abhyangshree Nandkumar Mane, Sagar Suresh Gilda, Amruta Avinash Ghadge, Nikhil Rajendra Bhosekar, Rohit Rajendra Bhosale
Sch Acad J Pharm | 82-88
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Solubility is the crucial factor for drug effectiveness, independence of the route of administration. Large
proportion of newly discovered drugs are water insoluble & therefore poorly bioavailable contributing to desert
development effort. Nanosuspensions have emerged as a promising strategy for the efficicent delivery of hydrophilic
drugs because of their versatile features &unique advantages. The reduction of drug particles into submicron range leads
to a significant increase in dissolution rate & therefore enhances bioavailability. Nanosuspension contain submicron
colloidal dispersion of the pharmaceutical active ingredient particles in a liquid phase stabilised by surfactant.
Nanosuspensions can be delivered by oral & non-oral route of administration. Study is focused on various methods of
preparation with advantages & disadvantages, characterization properties, applications.
Hypothyroidism and Atherosclerosis: From Etiology to Pathophysiology
Shah Kruti N, Gohil Priyanshee V
Sch Acad J Pharm | 89-96
DOI : 10.36347/sajp
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Atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial disease, which develops in the arterial wall in response to various
stimuli like hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertension, smoking, metabolic disorders and results in excessive
inflammatory and fibro proliferative reactions. Hypothyroidism means deficiency of thyroid activity resulting from
reduced secretion of total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronin (T3). Biochemical decrease in T4 and T3 lead to hyper
secretion of pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and an amplified increases in serum TSH
levels.Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. There is positive linear correlation between TSH and
total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs), and negative linear
correlation between TSH and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Alongwith hyperlipidemia,
hypothyroidism is accompanied with moderately increased concentration of plasma total homocyteine (tHcy), an
independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.In subclinical hypothyroidism, there is also a significant
increase in a cluster of metabolic cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thus, hypothyroidism is linked to atherosclerosis
but exact molecular mechanism is yet not defined. So, present review focuses various etiological and pathophysiological
aspects to link between hypothyroidism and atherogenesis
