Traditional ethnomedicinal use of plant is recognized as an important potential source for compounds used in mainstream medicine. Herein, the in-vitro antioxidant property and phytochemical composition of Pergularia tomentosa L. plants widely used was evaluated. 1, 1-diphenyl-2-2-picrylhydryzyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect of the crude extract and its fractions were determined between 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 2.5, and 5.0mg/ml spectrophotometrically. While, qualitative phytochemical test revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids alkaloids, saponins, steroids and glycoside. A systemic activity trends analysis indicated that P. tomentosa L. whole plant has relative antioxidant activity ranged from crudes extract to basic, acidic, methanolic and hexane fractions in the order of increasing sequence (CRD>BSC>ACD>MET>HEX). The crude extract haven highest antioxidant activity, followed by the basic fraction (alkaloid) respectively compared to acidic and methanolic fraction. Hexane has the lowest activity. This studied medicinal plant have interesting antioxidant properties and a phytochemical composition that could provide scientific evidence for some folk uses in the treatment of diseases related to the production of ROS and oxidative stress. Thus, trends for activity flow of antioxidant properties demonstrated in this work will provide evidence for researcher to isolate active antioxidant compound from the fraction with highest activity (basic fraction i.e. alkaloid)

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide with diet playing a prominent role in disease initiation and progression. We have investigated the chemopreventive efficacy of kolaviron on plasma protein oxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidant status on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control, animals have access to water and the rodent feeds for 8 weeks plus 1mM EDTA-saline injection subcutaneous (s.c) once a week for 4 weeks. Group 2 rats served as kolaviron (KV) control received 100 mg/kg bodyweight of kolaviron per oral (p.o.) every day. Group 3 served as gallic acid (GA) control, received pellet diet and 50 mg/kg bodyweight of gallic acid p.o. every day. Group 4 served as carcinogen control, received pellet diet and 30 mg/kg bodyweight of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) subcutaneous injection once a week for 4 weeks to induce colon carcinogenesis. Group 5 rats received DMH injection and kolaviron 100 mg/kg bodyweight. Group 6 rats received DMH injection and gallic acid 50 mg/kg bodyweight. The results of this experiment shows significant decrease levels of Vitamin C and Total Antioxidant Capacity in plasma of carcinogen exposed groups as compared with control group. Again the levels of carbonyl content and Lipid Hydroperoxide were significantly higher as compared with the control group. Supplementation with kolaviron or gallic acid increases the levels of Vitamin C and Total Antioxidant Capacity but decreases the levels of carbonyl content and Lipid Hydroperoxide significantly as compared with the DMH group. These findings suggest that both kolaviron and gallic acid can significantly reduce the formation of plasma free radicals which are crucial in colon carcinogenesis and effectively modulate the levels of vitamin C and Total Antioxidant Capacity in rats.

Herbal medicinal practice is well known but largely observed all over the world. Currently available antifilarial drugs Diethylcarbamazine citrate, albandazole, Ivermectin and other combination of drugs are not effective against adult parasite. So adulticidal antifilarial drugs is required to control and management of the disease. In the present investigation, antifilarial activity was assessed for Methanolic extract of Vitex negundo L. Leaves against Setaria cervi filarial parasite. Activity was assessed by the method of motility inhibition and MTT reduction assay with concentrations 0.3-0.006 mgmL-1 for 2 to 24 hrs incubation period respectively, by comparing with control. In motility assay, complete inhibition of motility was observed and in MTT reduction assay which gave >50% reduction for concentrations 0.06, 0.1 and 0.3 mgmL-1 at 10, 6 and 2hrs incubation period respectively in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05). Antifilarial activity given by plant extract was found to be a function at their relative concentrations. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the plant extract was found to be 0.049mgmL-1. Vitex negundo L. Leaves Methanolic extract showed significant reduction in adult motility in dose dependent manner contributes to the development of database and isolation of active molecule / principle for novel antifilarial drug candidate

Ayurveda an ancient Indian system of medicine claims to have remedy for disorders likes’ jaundice and liver cirrhosis, which is inadequate with present allopathy. The present study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of some herbal extracts mixture (HEM) against ethanol induced liver damage in experimental animal models. An attempt is made to prepare formulation with herbal extracts that possess membrane stabilizing activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The selected aqueous herbal extracts include Phyllanthus amarus, Terminalia chebula, Ricinus communis, Cichorium intybus, Vitex negundo, Aloe vera of various parts use in the formulation. In Prophylactic in vivo studies with the ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats, the herbal formulation showed dose dependent effect at the doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight and compared to 100 mg/kg dose of silymarin in preventing the rise in the levels of ALP, SGOT, SGPT and BIT compared to matching controls. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins and polyphenolic compounds present in the herbal extracts might be responsible for the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of herbal formulation.

Determining the spatial configuration of the structures of compounds used in the production of medicines is extremely important due to the different characteristics of each of them in its solid state and therefore its different qualities of each for use as pharmaceutical raw material. This study aimed to identify the phase of the solid state of Atorvastatin hemi-dihydrate, a lipid-lowering medication HMG-CoA reductase widely use in the present and their characterization by four different instrumental analytical techniques: X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy, comparing the obtained analytical results with those found in the literature. Using data obtained from these four techniques are able to show that the study sample exists predominantly in the 27 form of amorphic hemi-dihydrate calcic atorvastatin.

Patient safety, which is the prevention of patient harm resulting from the processes of health care delivery, is a critical component of health care quality. This study sought to evaluate the culture of pharmacy patient safety in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Questionnaire on Pharmacy Safety was adapted and used for this study. The questionnaire was administered randomly to 25 staff working in the pharmacy area where prescriptions were dropped off, filled, dispensed, and picked up or prepared for delivery. A purposive sampling technique was utilized whereby only staffs that had direct professional interactions with patients were randomly selected. Data was analyzed with SPSS V. 20. Over 80% of respondents were professionals (pharmacists /Internees) who were directly involved in providing pharmaceutical services in the department; 57% of respondents had worked in the pharmacy department from 6 months to 6 years and 92% worked at least 32 hours per week. Overall positive responses were highly significant for Teamwork (92%), Overall Perception of Patient Safety (91%), Patient Counselling (81%), but poor for Documenting Mistakes (52%) Response to Mistakes (46%) and Staffing, Work Pressure and Pace (30%). Patient Safety in this Pharmacy received an overall rating of 86.3%. Management of the hospital need re-evaluate current safety culture composites; amend systems where necessary in order to reduce risks and to improve Pharmacy Patient Safety.

Pharmacology of the National University of San Luis was designated as Peripheral Effector of the National Pharmacovigilance System of the National Administration of Drug, Food and Medical Technology in September 2010. The spontaneous reports received of adverse events, medication errors, and lack of efficacy, were analyzed since its conformation until November 2013. The reports were mainly Adverse Events, mostly preventable, possible and mild. Adverse effects were disorders mainly gastrointestinal, general disorders of the organism, of skin and appendages, and psychiatric disorders; while the accused drugs mostly corresponded to the nervous, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Female gender and patients aged 20-39 years were most affected. Duplication of efforts for greater professional and community formation in Pharmacovigilance, would allow us to increase the quality and quantity of notifications, all for the benefit of the health of the population

The root-bark of Acacia ataxacantha (Fabaceae) was investigated for medicinal potential. The Phytochemical screening indicated presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids/triterpenes, tannins and alkaloids. The crude extracts and α-amyrenol were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal potentials, using the following clinical isolates; Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Candida krusei. The zone of inhibition of the test organism ranges from 17 – 19 mm (Pet. ether), 20- 25 mm (chloroform), 20 – 30 mm (ethyl acetate), 20 – 23 mm (methanol) and 25 – 31 mm (α-amyrenol). These compared favourably with Sparfloxacin (35 – 42 mm) and Cefuroxime (34 – 40 mm) used as positive control. No activities were observed on Corynebacterium ulcerans, Streptococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Candida tropicalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude extracts showed that Methanol and chloroform fractions had 5 mg/mL and petroleum ether had 10 mg/mL on the test organisms. Ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, with MIC of 2.5 mg/mL against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. Typhi and K. pneumonia. The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) showed that ethyl acetate extract completely kill B. subtilis, E. coli and K. pneumonae at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. Chromatographic purification of the Ethyl acetate extract led to the isolation of α-amyrenol (3β)-Urs-12-en-3-ol).The MIC and MBC/MFC of α-amyrenol was found to be 12.5 and 25 µg/mL respectively against B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhi. These seem to justify the numerous folkloric medicinal uses of the plant.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the in vitro dissolution properties of poorly water soluble gliclazide by utilizing liquisolid technique. Avicel PH 102 and Neusilin were employed as carrier material; Aerosil 200 as coating material and crosspovidone as disintegrant respectively for preparing liquisolid compacts. Liquisolid compacts were prepared and evaluated for their tabletting properties. The tabletting properties of the liquisolid compacts were within the acceptable limits and drug release rates of all prepared LS compacts were distinctly higher as compared to directly compressed tablets, and marketed tablets. The results showed that liquisolid compacts demonstrated significantly higher drug release rates than those of conventionally prepared directly compressible tablets. This was due to an increase in wetting properties and surface of drug available for dissolution. From this study it concludes that the LS technique is an effective approach to enhance the dissolution rate of gliclazide.

The present work deals with the preparation of Perindopril erbumine ethosomes and study of effect of alcohol and phospholipid on transdermal delivery. Perindopril erbumine is ACE inhibitor which slowly inhibits the activity of the enzyme ACE, which decreases the production of angiotensin II. As a result, the blood vessels enlarge or dilate, and blood pressure is reduced. Perindopril erbumine loaded ethosomes were prepared by hot method by using different concentrations of Alcohol and Soya lecthin in different ratios and propylene glycol. The prepared ethosomal formulations were evaluated for Vesicle size analysis, Morphological studies, Entrapment efficiency, In vitro release, Stability studies, In vitro permeation study and kinetic data analysis. The vesicle size of ethosomes varied between 1.62± 1.31 µm to 4.56±0.08µm. Entrapment efficiency between 54.81±0.30 to 78.04±0.30%. FT-IR, DSC and Zeta potential studies revealed the integrity of the drug in the formulations. The cumulative percentage drug release from ethosomal formulations ETH1 to ETH6 was in the range of 71.52% to 85.75%. and for LPH it was 50.20±0.23%. The in vitro permeation across rat abdominal skin for the optimized formulations ETH3 and ETH6 after 24 hrs was found to be 75.46% and 80.24% respectively. Stability studies indicated that, the prepared ethosomes remained stable at refrigeration (4-8˚C) and room (25±2˚C) temperature. The prepared ethosomes showed promising results under in vitro conditions.