The aim of the present study was to synthesize prodrugs of commonly used NSAIDs to overcome the gastrointestinal toxicity (irritation and bleeding) associated with their use. A total of six amide-based prodrugs (Ia-f) of aceclofenac, diclofenac, fenbufen, indomethacin, mefenamic acid and 4-biphenyl acetic acid were synthesized through one-pot method (single step synthesis). The structures of the synthesized prodrugs were confirmed by modern analytical techniques. The release pattern of parent drug from prodrug Ia was also studied by reverse phase HPLC method in acidic buffer (pH 1.2), phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 80% plasma, 10% rat intestinal homogenate and 10% rat liver homogenate (pH 7.4). The prodrugs were also evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic actions and compared to their corresponding parent drugs.

Appropriate therapies for commonly encountered poisonings, medication overdoses, and other toxicological emergencies are reviewed, with discussion of pharmacists' role in ensuring their ready availability and proper use. Antidotal therapy are general antidotal therapy(supportive and palliative care that palliative treatments may be used to alleviate the side effects of curative treatments, such as relieving the nausea associated with chemotherapy and enhance quality of life; is applicable early in the course of illness, in conjunction with other therapies that are intended to prolong life, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy And special antidotal therapy is the use of any chemical or physiologic procedure used to prevent, minimize, or terminate the adverse effects associated with chemical toxicity or aberrant pathophysiologic processes. These antidotal procedures may alter the toxicity associated with an exogenous chemical (naloxone antagonism of opioid narcotics) or with endogenous substances (epinephrine reversal of histamineinduced anaphylaxis). The goal of this review is to provide essential information to guide the appropriate use of antidotes. Pharmacists can play a key role in reducing poisoning and overdose injuries and deaths by assisting in the early recognition of toxic exposures and guiding emergency personnel on the proper storage, selection, and use of antidotal therapies.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a high-prevalence psychiatric disorder affecting 2–5% of the population. It is a type of anxiety disorder in which people suffer from recurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas (obsessions), engage in repetitive, irrational behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) or both. Although its pathophysiology remains unclear, current evidence implicates contributions of the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems and a neural circuitry that includes the orbitofrontal cortex, the thalamus and the striatum. In this present research work the pharmacological effect of ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava Linn.(EEPG) against Larginine induced obsessions were evaluated along with in-vitro studies like estimation of serotonin and dopamine. From the results we found that the EEPG shown significant (p<0.05 - p<0.01) improvement in behavioral parameters viz. marble burying behavior, locomotion and memory retention. It is also identified that the EEPG treated groups had shown the significant (p<0.01 and p<0.05) increase in levels of dopamine and serotonin which may be responsible for behavioral functions.

Childhood period is a crucial stage for rapid growth and development. All the phases of growth and development are easily affected by unfavorable conditions like use of contaminated foods and water, faulty food habits etc. In day to day practice, pediatricians come across with good number of patients suffering from diseases related to gastrointestinal tract i.e. loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, bowel disturbances (diarrhea, constipation) etc. If these problems are ignored, they lead to malnutrition and its complications. The changed lifestyle is responsible forvitiation of Agni, improper Agni especially Mandagni results in Grahani Dosha, which is a precursor stage of malabsoption syndrome. Devdarvyadi Churna is indicated in such condition. Devdarvyadi Churna converted into Vati form due to easy palatability in pediatrics patients and drugs were selected in the present study. The present work was carried out to standardize the finished product Devdarvyadi Vati to conform its identity, quality and purity. The pharmacognostical work reveals that presence of lignified fibers of Devadaru (Cedrusdeodara (Roxb.) Loud),starch with oiliores in content of Vacha (Acoruscalamus Linn.), starch grain in Musta(Cyperusrotundus Linn.), starch with oiliores in contentin Shunthi (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe.)prismatic crystal of Ativisha(Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royal), epicarpe cells of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) were observed microscopically. Organoleptic features of coarse powder made out of the crude drugs were within the standard range as per mention in classic. The pH value ofDevdarvyadiVatiis4, Water soluble extract is 11.07%w/w, Loss on drying is 5.73 %w/wand High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) at 254nm and 366nm resulted into 5 and 6 spots respectively

In the eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori, the changes of the amounts and concentrations of antibiotics in the stomach after oral administration were unclear. Amoxicillin (AMX) and metronidazole (MTZ), which are used for such therapy, were selected for this study. The levels of these drugs in homogenate of the stomach after their oral administration to rats were determined by HPLC. The doses of AMX and MTZ to the rats were 15 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The proportions of these drugs remaining in the stomach decreased according to first-order kinetics. The rate constants for AMX and MTZ were 0.512 and 0.436 h-1, respectively. The decrease of the stomach volume was also expressed as first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.184 h-1. These data are useful for the design of intragastric buoyant sustained-release preparations for the eradication therapy of H. pylori.

In this context a technique was employed for the formulation of herbal gel by using Terminalia chebula Retz.,. The plant is commonly referred as ‘King of Medicine’ in Tibet, which is widely grown at places up to a height of about 2000 m from the sea level, and in areas with an annual rainfall 100-150 cm and temperature 0-17° C in tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia. It mainly contains active constituents like steroids, flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugar, belleric acid, bellericoside, chebulinic acid, gallic acid, ethyl gallate,punicalagin, terflavin A, terchebin, luteolin, and tannic acid . It is mainly used as antibacterial and antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatoy, sun burns and wound healing. Various formulations were prepared with different concentrations of the plant extract and it was evaluated for physical parameters, viscosity, Skin Irritation and Spreadibility. Out of the three formulations the 5% was found to be better in all aspects. Thus it can be used as an alternative for the treatments and drug delivery systems.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is normally found in balance with antioxidant molecules within all aerobic cells. The unbalance condition between ROS and antioxidant molecules will cause oxidative stress that may lead to any damages on nucleic acid, protein, and fatty acid. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant potentials of Indonesian marine algae extracts, including red algae (Botryocladia sp. and Gracilaria sp.) and green algae (Caulerpa sertulaioides, C. racemosa, Codium sp., Enteromorpha sp., and Halimeda opuntia) in vitro. Seven marine algae were dried and extracted with ethanol, followed by evaporating and freeze-drying treatments to obtain algae extracts. The antioxidant activity was referred to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Our results demonstrated that both red algae (Botryoclardia sp. and Gracilaria sp.) and green algae (C. sertulaioides and Codium sp.) at 100 µg/mL significantly possessed 35-40% antioxidant activity, indicating that these marine algae extracts may exert potential natural antioxidant properties.

The plant Tagetes erecta Linn., locally known as Genda Phul (Marigold) belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compositaeis). Current study focus on hepatoprotective activity of the roots in ethanol extract by ethanol induced hepatotoxicity model. Physical parameters, liver functioning, antioxidant levels and histopathological study of the liver were studied to find out hepatoprotective action of Tagetes erecta. Treatment with Tagetes erecta root extracts has protected liver from induced hepatotoxicity. This was demonstrated by reducing the elevated levels of biochemical markers and additional histopathological observations have shown that there is an improvement in the structural design of liver due to induced hepatotoxicity

Atherosclerosis belongs to inflammation-related vascular diseases due to bacterial infection and causes lipid accumulation in artery wall that lead to heart attack and stroke. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 are grouped to zinc-dependent proteases that act in degradation of extracellular matrix in atherosclerotic plaque. Instead of traditional foods, the rhizomes of Zingiberaceae have been empirically used in folk medicines purposes, including natural vascular protection. This study was aimed to test the inhibitory effect of 10 Zingiberaceae rhizomes on the expression of MMP-2 activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced artery endothelial cells by conducting gelatin zymogram. At 1 µg/ml, selected Zingiberaceae rhizomes, i.e. Kaempferia pandurata, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Alpinia galanga, Zingiberaceae officinale, and Z. officinale Var Rubra, were found to attenuate MMP-2 activity up to 50% compared with LPS-treated cells. In summary, these data suggest that selected Zingiberaceae rhizomes may be applied for potential therapeutics in vascular protection and therapy, in particular atherotherapy

Cancer cells exhibit increased glucose metabolism and pentose phosphate cycle activity compared to normal untransformed cells. Glucose metabolism plays an important role in hydroperoxide detoxification and the inhibition of glucose metabolism has been shown to increase prooxidant production and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. There are reports showing that inhibition of the Akt pathway which is responsible for cell growth and survival, inhibits glucose consumption and induces parameters indicative of oxidative stress such as glutathione disulfide (%GSSG) and thioredoxin reductase (TR) activity in certain cancer cells. Hence after the treatment with a drug, when the levels of glucose consumption are decreased cancer cells, it could indicate increase in oxidative stress resulting in cell death and that the drug is effective against that particular cancer. In our previous studies, we have already shown that the hydroalcoholic extract of an annual herb Xanthium strumarium induced cell death and generated oxidative stress in HeLa cervical cancer cell line. In our current study, we have performed the test for glucose consumption to support our study further.

The main objective of the present work was to develop sustained release matrix tablets of water soluble Tramadol hydrochloride using different polymers viz. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and natural gums like gumkodangogu. drug and polymer for control the release of drug up to desired time, the release rates were modulated by combination of two different rates controlling material and triple mixture of three different rate controlling material. After evaluation of physical properties of tablet, the in vitro release study was performed in0.1 N HCl . The effect of polymer concentration and polymer blend concentration were studied. .Dissolution data was analyzed by KorsmeyerPeppas power law expression and modified power law expression. It was observed that matrix tablets contained polymer blend of kodangogu/HPMC were successfully sustained the release of drug upto 10 hrs. Among all the formulations, formulation F6 which contains HPMC K15M and of kodangogu release the drug which follow Zero order kinetics via, swelling, diffusion and erosion and the release profile of formulation F6 was comparable with the marketed product. Stability studies (40±2ºC/75±5%RH) for 3 months indicated that Tramadol hydrochloride was stable in the matrix tablets. The FTIR study revealed that there was no chemical interaction between drug and excipients.

The Tacrine and Galantamine are cholinesterase inhibitors for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The pentylentetrazole model of retrograde amnesia is suitable for studying of learning and memory impairments. The aim of present study was to compare the effects of the cholinesterase inhibitors Tacrine and Galantamine on pentilentetrazole amnesia model in mice using passive avoidance test. The 32 male albino mice 21-26g was used, n=8. The groups were: Saline 0.1ml/10g body weight; Saline + Pentylentetrazole (PTZ) 45mg/kg; Tacrine 1mg/kg + PTZ 45 mg/kg; Galantamine 0.1mg/kg + PTZ 45 mg/kg. The mice were treated subcutaneously with PTZ immediately after testing in Step-down apparatus (Ugo Basile, Italy). The cholinesterase inhibitors ware applied intraperitoneally 30 minutes before testing. The latency of reaction (60 seconds) was a criterion for learning and memory. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to compare different groups with the respective controls. In step-down passive avoidance test controls significantly increased the latency of reactions on learning session and on short and long memory tests. The mice with PTZ decreased the latency of reaction compared to the same day controls. The group with Tacrine and PTZ lowery increased the latency in comparison with PTZ group. The animals with Galantamine and PTZ significantly increased the latency of reactions on lerning and memory tests. Our results allow us to conclude that PTZ had small impairing effect on cognitive functions in mice. The Galantamine in low dose antagonizes inhibitory effect of PTZ on brain functions better than Tacrine.

Diabetes is chronic hyperglycaemia together with other metabolic abnormalities. It is due to insulin resistance or deficiency as well as increased output of hepatic glucose. It is a risk factor for CVD. Currently there is no known cure but the disease can be controlled enabling the person to lead a healthy and productive life. The aim of management is directed at reducing complications. Many studies have shown the benefit of healthy dietary habits and regular exercise in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. Adherence to prescribed lifestyle changes have also been shown to improve glucose levels, and decreased blood pressure and to correct lipid abnormalities, which are factors associated with e micro and macro-vascular complications of diabetes.