Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompassing gastric and duodenal ulcer is the most prevalent gastro intestinal disorder the pathophysiology of PUD involves imbalance between an offensive (acid, pepsin, H . pylori) and defensive factors (mucin, prostaglandin, bicarbonate, nitric oxide and growth factors) an estimated 15,000 deaths occupy each year as a consequence of PUD. In India PUD is common in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, antacid and antiulcer drugs share 6.2 billion rupees and occupy 4.3% of the market share. Today, here are two main approaches for treating peptic ulcer .The first deals with the production of gastric juice and the second with re-enforcing gastric mucosal protection. The present study has been undertaken with the main objective of evaluating the extracts of Lannea coramandelica for anti ulcer activity using albino wistar rats as experimental animal body

Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by progressive loss of memory which is episodic in nature. Numerous drugs have been utilised for its treatment like cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonists etc but none of them have been effective in controlling the disease symptoms & progression. Numerous recent developments have concentrated upon targeting the β amyloid deposition & tau protein deposition in Alzheimer’s disease. This review attempts to provide information about the latest targets & developments in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

This study was aimed at determining the antibacterial effect of the leaf extract of Buchholzia coriacea (Wonderful Kola) on nasal isolates. Nasal isolates were collected from one hundred students of the Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwash-uku, Delta State. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves was assessed against nasal isolated microorganisms (E.coli, Citrobacter species, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species) using the agar well diffusion method. Inhibition zones and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were used as indicators of antimicrobial activity. The extracts inhibited the growth of the bacterial isolates in a concentration dependent manner with MICs of 39.81mg/ml, 69.18mg/ml, 79.43mg/ml and 97.7mg/ml (E. coli, Citrobacter species, Klebsiella species and Proteus species) respectively. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of secondary metabolites; tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, purines, reducing sugars, flavonoids, steroids, alkalloids and phlobatannins. The result indicates promising antibacterial potential of B. coriacea leaf extracts and hence could be considered for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes. Characterization of the bioactive components of B. coriacea leaves could be used in the development of drugs for the treatment of bacterial related infections.

Pharmaceutical companies adopt different marketing communication strategies and tools in order to influence physician’s prescriptions in their favor. These communication strategies and tools play a very important role in increasing profitability and sales revenues of the pharmaceutical companies. The present study was a multicenter, descriptive, cross-sectional study that aimed to identify the influence of strategies and tools on physician’s prescribing preferences. The population of the study included graduate and post graduates physicians practicing in Pakistan. Using WHO sample size calculator, a sample size of 400 physicians was calculated that included 330 graduates (General Practitioners) and 70 post graduates (Consultant physicians). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data comprising of 17 marketing communication tools on a likert scale tested for physicians’ preferences, responses were recorded and weightage was given. The results of the study revealed that there was significant influence of marketing communication strategies and tools on physician’s prescribing preferences. Among these tools, most effective tools of communication were senior doctor references (word of mouth marketing), reputation of the company, sampling, price of the product, detail aids, seminars and scientific activities. Gifting, packaging inserts, emailing and print ads in medical journal were found to be less important. There was a significant difference found among liking/preference of graduates and post graduates for marketing communication strategies and tools. Importance of peer group reference and reputation of the company was similar for both graduates and post graduates. It is important for the pharmaceutical companies to understand the preferences of their customers and allocate their marketing budget to the most effective marketing communication strategies and tools.

A simple, accurate, economic, sensitive, rapid and robust reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the estimation of melatonin and Zolpidem tartrate in pure and tablet dosage forms. Hypersil C18 ODS column (250x4.6mm,5µ) was used with a mobile phase containing a mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45% v/v. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. Results were determined at 265 nm with a fixed wave length PDA detector. The linearity for melatonin was found between 6-42 µg/ml and between 10-70 µg/ml for zolpidem tartrate. The retention times were found as 2.517 and 3.630 for melatonin and zolpidem tartrate respectively. Validation parameters like accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD and LOQ, assay, system suitability parameters and stability studies were determined and examined by applying validated parameters.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. The characteristic features of diabetic dyslipidemia are a high plasma triglyceride concentration, low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased concentration of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles. The lipid changes associated with diabetes mellitus are attributed to increased free fatty acid flux secondary to insulin resistance. In patients treated with a statin to LDL-cholesterol goals, the addition of ezetimibe, fenofibrate, niacin, or n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters may be required to correct the persistent atherogenic dyslipidemia

Aging is a biological phenomenon concerning all living multicellular organisms. It is degenerative process caused by accumulated damaged lipid and protein that leads to cellular dysfunction, tissue failure, and death. In the present study, we attempt to assess the aging induced biochemical and pathological changes in old rats and protective efficacy were tested. Twelve male Wistar rats of two age groups (12 months and 24 monts) were selected for normal saline treated control group (n=6) and DHA treated (100 mg / kg bw) experimental groups (n=6). For biochemical assays, lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl (PC) and lipofuscin (LIF) and antioxidant levels ie., superoxide dismutase, (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were investigated in liver, kidney and heart followed by lipid profile and liver and kidney function test. Oxidative stress markers (LPO, LIF and PC) in liver, kidney and heart different organs were significantly increased while the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH) in the same organs were significantly depleted. The DHA treated old rats significantly reduces the oxidative stress markers when compared with their respective control. Cellular changes in old control rats correlated with the deteriorated liver and kidney function test and lipid profiles. Our results suggest that increment of the rate of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and lipofucinogenesis are well correlated with the decline in the antioxidant status of the liver, kidney and heart. The increased lipofuscin, formed consequent to mitochondrial residues remaining after lysosomal degradation, also exhibit regional heterogeneity and linear increment with age, while DHA exhibited as an antioxidant and anti-aging properties

A problem of rural women in Latin America is the poor access to economic resources; a solution we propose is to implement a collaborative model, where are used natural resources in the area for production of value added products such as cosmetics products, to improve their living conditions. Objective: This paper concerns the evaluation of the physicochemical stability of hair cosmetics based on natural resources of the Costa Rican flora. Methodology: cosmetic products were developed based on Carica papaya, Ananascomosus, and others from the area, equally developed stability testing at 25 ° C and 40 ° C for six months following the guidelines of ANVISA, and quality control which were adapted for reproduction on the production site. Results: Formulations designed contain at least 80% of natural excipients, but preservatives exclude parabens derivatives or other similar substances, also were quantified their physicochemical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and pH, in different storage conditions during the time of the present study. Using ANOVA, was analyzed the data. Conclusions: the study revealed that the formulations are stable for at least one year under the conditions of no more than 30°C and protected from light packaging, and achieved the respective health registry that allowed the marketing of the product