Ovarian cancer is one of the most common lethal gynecological malignancies. Despite an initial 70-80% response rate, most patients relapse within 1-2 years and develop chemo resistance. Tumor cells have the capacity to respond to chemotherapy through multiple cell death pathways such as apoptosis and autophagy. In this study, we have attempted to evaluate the effect of metformin (an antidiabetic drug) in ovarian cancer because of its promising effect in other solid tumors. In this study, the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 cell line was used to assess the effect of metformin on apoptosis and autophagy. The cancer cells were treated with metformin. MTT, Flowcytometry and Western blotting were used to characterize the effects of treatments. Metformin inhibited proliferation of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, caused cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and S phase, induced apoptosis by modulating apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bax but was not able to induce autophagy as seen by decreased Beclin expression. These data illustrated that induction of apoptosis and inhibition of autophagy by metformin may enhance the cell-killing effect of metformin in multidrug-resistant human ovarian cancer cells like SKOV3, Hence, it may represent a novel approach to deal with chemo-resistance by using metformin as an anticancer modality.

To analyze the cost effectiveness of antipsychotic medication and prescribing pattern. The cost of different brands of antipsychotics was sorted by referring CIMS, MIMS, and patient profile form. Antipsychotic prescription pattern are fundamentally different across countries and regions due to variations in factors including health care policies availability and cost of drugs.Antipsychotics is a class of agents which are able to reduce psychiatric symptoms in a wide range of conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, sensilepsychosis, various organic psychosis and drug induced psychosis. It’s a prospective observational study carried out in a psychiatric hospital Rajahmundry for a period of six months from Feb-July 2016. All the patients using antipsychotic drugs are 18-60years of age. The prescription was analysed by WHO indicators. Average number of antipsychotics prescribed are atypical include Olanzapine 5mg, 3mg, Aripiprazole 10mg, Quetapine 100mg, Clozapine 200mg. whereas typical include haloperidol 0.25mg, Trifluperidol and Trihexyphenidyl. The average cost of generic drug is provided to be no way superior to its economically cheaper counterpart. The drug to be prescribed in generic to save patients money and its compliance. Psychotic illness patients mainly advised monotherapy of antipsychotic drugs and if it should be in generic to save the patients money and to avoid extrapyridimal side effects.

The determination of the spatial configuration of the compounds structures used in the production of drugs is of utmost importance due to the different physical characteristics that each have in their solid state and therefore the different qualities of each one for its use as pharmaceutical raw material. This study aimed to identify the polymorphic crystalline form of Etoricoxib raw material, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) enzyme widely used in the present, which was done through four different instrumental analytical techniques: X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy, comparing and studying the results obtained from the analysis with those found in the literature. Using the data obtained with these four techniques it was demonstrated that the study sample exists predominantly in the 1 anhydrous Etoricoxib form.

This study aimed to determine the frequency and Antibiotic resistant of bacteria causing bacteremia in blood specimens in Kirkuk, Iraq .A total of 309 blood samples were collected from infants and adults who were suffering from symptoms of bacteremia. There ages were ranged from (1 month - 80 years). Those patients were attended to Kirkuk General Hospital, Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk city from (1/July/2013) to (1/October/2014). The results indicated that 47 (31%) blood samples from both sexes, 21(12.7%) female and 26(18.2%) male, revealed positive cultures, consisting of 28 (59.6%) gram-positive isolates and 19 (40.4 %) gram-negative isolates. Gram-positive isolates were represented by: Staphylococcus aureus 18 (38.3%) and it was the predominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 10 (21.3%) and gram negative isolates were represented by: Escherichia coli 12 (25.5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5(10.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae 2(4.2%). The results also showed that the high age groups infected were (1- 10 years) 9 (19.1%). Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin followed by Chloramphenicol, also the gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin followed by Chloramphenicol. From gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is predominant cause of bacteremia while from gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli is predominant.

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease in Sudan and it is a major cause of morbidity, several studies indicate that diabetes is a likely under reported as cause of death. This study aimed to evaluate prescription of insulin in patient with type 2 diabetes. Using the FMOH-NCDs Directorate Sudan Diabetes mellitus guidelines in prospective study involving one hundred outpatients with type 2 diabetes from Jabir Aboeliz Health Center were selected randomly in period from November to December 2015. The study concluded that only 40% of patients’ dose comply with the guidelines. The non-complying doses were higher in 4% of the cases than recommended dose and lower in 56%. Using a computerized drug-interaction program, a high proportion of prescriptions (84.21 %) was detected with no interactions.