Background: In this study, the phenolic constituents and antioxidant potential of Gossypium hirsutum were evaluated. Methods: Dried and powdered leaves were subjected to extraction in ethanol by static maceration to obtain the ethanol extract (EEGH). From EEGH, hexane (HFGH), dichlromethane (DFGH), ethyl acetate (EAFGH) and butanol (BFGH) fractions were obtained by liquid/liquid partition. Total phenolic and flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometric method using gallic acid and rutin as reference compounds, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by free radical scavenging of DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), co-oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid and thiobarbituric acid assays. Results: Total phenols ranged from 1.86 to 26.49 g/100g, while the flavonoid variation was 0.67 to 7.17 g/100g. The IC50 values ranged from 24.99 ± 0.16 to 215.48 ± 0.11 µg/mL against the DPPH● radical and FRAP produced IC50 between 25.61 ± 0.43 and 166.20 ± 1.01 µg/mL. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation (%I) by beta-carotene/linoleic acid co-oxidation was between 42.97 and 82.18%. The IC50 values ranged from 134.10 ± 8.20 to 388.20 ± 0.83 µg/mL when the inhibition of lipid peroxidation was investigated by thiobarbituric acid. Conclusion: The results indicate that G. hirsutum leaves are a promising source of compounds with antioxidant action that may justify their therapeutic properties.

Plants have been one of the important sources of medicines since the beginning of human cultivation. A review of chemical constituents present in various parts of Ficus Religiosa Linn. Their pharmacological actions is given in the present article although it is alternative used in the treatment for heart blockage. Ficus Religiosa (Peepal) is a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Although the review articles on this plant are already published, this review article is presented to comply all the updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, which were performed by widely different methods. Almost every part of this tree i.e. leave, bark, seeds, flower and fruits are used in the preparation of herbal medicines. Therapeutic properties of this tree in curing a wide range of diseases can be attributed to its richness in bioactive compounds namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols etc. Its study indicate that antiulcer, antiproteolytic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant , wound- healing , hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antiamnesic, anticancer, anti acetycholinestrase, antidiabetic, antifungal activities have been studied. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studies more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. A review of chemical constituents present in various parts of Ficus Religiosa Linn. And their pharmacological action is given in the present article.

Objective: Our purpose is to assess the effectiveness of phenol 7% in aqueous solution for neurolysis versus depomedrol 80 mg injection in patients with severe chronic nonmalignant sacroiliac joint pain syndrome who did not achieve adequate pain control (visual analog scale [VAS] 3) with conventional pain treatment. Design: A hundred patients with severe nonmalignant sacroiliac joint pain persisting for 6 months or longer were followed for more than 6 months after phenol neurolysis in this prospective observational study. All patients had previously received narcotic drugs, with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents or adjuvants, without adequate pain relief. An aqueous solution of phenol 7% was used for chemical neurolysis. Sacroiliac joint injection was done in theatre under ultrasound guidance using linear probe. Results: Good pain relief (VAS ≤3) was achieved in 35 patients after neurolysis with phenol, and the mean VAS decreased from 8.74 ± 1.08 (range 7–10) before treatment to 1.93 ± 2.41 after treatment (P < 0.0001). Lower backache of lower Oswestry disability index (ODI) shows a lowering effect of phenol as compared with depomedrol at 3 years’ time interval p<0.001. Conclusion: The use of phenol 7% in aqueous solution is an effective and safe technique for neurolysis. Because of the potential risk of flaccid paralysis, this technique should be used in selected cases, far removed from motor nerves and the spinal cord.

The Rhesus (Rh) blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known in humans, because of its immunogenicity along with ABO grouping, This is a cross-sectional study was conducted at national blood transfusion center at Khartoum State to determine the frequency of various Rhesus antigens among Sudanese blood donors in order to minimize Rhesus allo-immunization among Blood recipients. It included 200 donors males from different tribes.The blood were collected from volunteers. ABO grouping was performed by slide method and Rhesus grouping was done by tube method using commercially available standard antisera tested (anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E,and anti-e). Among the participants (86%) of donors are Rh D positive and (14%)Rh D negative, The percentage of Rh Antigens were e (79.5%), c (68.5%), C (27%), and E (18.5%) respectively .The study shows that the frequencies of the Rhesus antigens were similar to studies in other countries.