Maxillary molars are usually displaced during forceful extraction into the maxillary sinus and rarely into the infratemporal fossa. Foreign bodies displaced into infratemporal fossa are challenging to manage due to its anatomical location and adjacent vital structures. The most commonly associated complications due to displaced foreign bodies into infratemporal fossa are haemorrhage, infection, pain, swelling, trismus etc. This article presents a rare case of accidentally displaced maxillary right third molar root stump into the adjacent infratemporal fossa during the extraction, which was diagnosed based on clinical and radiological examinations. There are various surgical modalities for removal of displaced root stump.

Physical exercise may induce many changes in quantity and quality of the biochemical components of saliva. Therefore, a noninvasive sampling and testing of saliva can be used as a diagnostic method in monitoring of physical activity. Objectives of this study was comparison selected salivary components in swimmers before and after intense training. 19 subjects of both sexes, 18-24 years of age, were selected for the study, of which 10 were competitive swimmers and 9 were in the control group. Salivary samples were collected from all subjects in the morning and in the afternoon and from the swimmers before and after training. The parameters measured included: salivary flow rate, pH, total protein, alpha-amylase, peroxidase, cortisol, total antioxidant status (TAS), sialic acid (FSA, GSA, TSA), calcium and magnesium. A significant increase of salivary, alpha-amylase and GSA was noted in all swimmers after the morning workout, while after the afternoon swim training significant decrease in the salivary flow rate and cortisol, accompanied by increasing protein and alpha-amylase levels, were found. Regarding the output of salivary components, after the morning training session, a slight increase in the output was observed for all salivary parameters being investigated. However, it was statistically significant only for total protein, alpha-amylase, calcium, TSA and TAS. After the afternoon training a slight increase in the output was observed for all investigated parameters, except for cortisol which showed decreasing trend. A statistically significant increase in the output was recorded for total protein, alpha-amylase, calcium and TAS. The data suggest a significant increase in alpha-amylase levels and tendency for greater total protein concentration in saliva, following morning and afternoon swimming workout.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a single basketball players’ training on the levels of selected salivary components. Thirty male basketball players, aged 12-15 (study group), and ten sedentary subjects (control group) were enrolled in the study. A routine training took place in an indoor basketball court. Unstimulated mixed saliva samples were collected in the afternoon in both groups, in basketball players twice before and after training. In salivary supernatants total protein, α-amylase, peroxidase, free acid sialic, cortisol, total antioxidant status (TAS), calcium and magnesium were measured, as well as salivary flow rate. Moreover, the basketball players evaluated the workout intensity using the perceived exertion scale (RPE Foster’s scale). In basketball players after the training a significant decrease in the salivary flow rate (p=0.047), and an increase in pH (p=0.011) and TAS (p=0.010) were observed as well as a higher output higher only of alpha-amylase (p=0.024), TAS (p=0.023) and magnesium (p=0.008). Compared the athletes before workout with the controls no significant difference in the salivary components was found, except level of peroxidase and output of peroxidase and total protein in the control group (p=0.007, p=0.003, p=0.049). Mean value of Foster’s RPE scale was 4.70±1.64, and most players perceived the training as “somehow hard” and “hard”. The Foster’s RPE score was correlated with difference in the pre- and post-training content of FSA (rho=0.428, p=0.018). Within the limitation of the study we observed an increase of the levels of pH, TAS, output of alphaamylase, TAS magnesium.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) it is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by mutation in CBFA1 (Core Binding Factor Alpha), a member of runt family of transcription factors mapped to chromosome 6p21. Radiographic images are important tools for the diagnosis of CCD. On dental radiographs, it is possible to observe 2 features of the classical triad of CCD: multiple supernumerary teeth; and open sutures and fontanelles of the skull. Third important feature hypoplasia of clavicles need additional chest radiograph. Most of mid-facial features of this syndrome can be visualized on CBCT images which save patient from exposure to different views of 2 dimensional imaging required to see widespread involvement of skull but also help in treatment planning for missing permanent teeth including accurate study of the morphology, location, alignment, proximity of teeth to structures like inferior alveolar canal and maxillary sinus well as the quality and quantity of basal bone available which could help a great deal in orthodontic planning, surgical extraction and prosthetic rehabilitation. Considering its valuable importance, CBCT is advisable in all such syndromes with multiple impacted teeth for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Surgical extraction of an impacted lower third molar involving bone removal doubtlessly causes some degree of pain, swelling, and trismus. Reducing or minimizing muscle spasm after third molar surgery would be a creditable goal, particularly if clinical healing were not compromised. Skeletal muscle relaxants are a heterogeneous group of medications used to treat two different types of underlying conditions: spasticity from upper motor neuron syndromes and muscular pain or spasms from peripheral musculoskeletal conditions including fibromyalgia, tension headaches, myofascial pain syndrome, and mechanical low back or neck pain. Thiocolchicoside and Tizanidine being centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants are known to reduce the post-operative sequelae caused due to third molar impaction surgery. This study was conducted to compare the potent drug among the two after third molar surgery.