In this study, quasi-static compression test was performed on SAMNIT 11 groundnut kernels to evaluate the effect of loading rate; kernel orientation and size, on some of its mechanical behaviours (rupture force, rupture energy, toughness and rupture power). The SAMNUT 11 groundnut kernels used for this study were categorized into three sizes (large, medium and small) and compressed along three orientations (X- Y- and Z- axis), at three loading rates (15, 20 and 25 mm/min). The X- axis is the plane perpendicular to the suture line; Y - axis is in the plane containing the suture line; while Z-axis is the longitudinal axis through the suture line. Results obtained from the quasi-static compression test showed that loading rate had significant (p ≤0.05) effect on all the mechanical behaviours studied. In contrast, the kernel orientation and size did not significantly (p ≤0.05) affect the rupture energy of the groundut kernel. The results further depicted that the mechanical behaviours values were highest when the kernels were compressed at 15 mm/min along the X - axis. From the results, the highest rupture energy (0.116 Nm) was recorded when the large kernel was compressed along the X-axis, at a loading rate of 15mm/min, while the least rupture energy (0.02 Nm) was recorded when the small kernel was compressed along the Z-axis at a loading rate of 25mm/min. On average, the large groundnut kernels required about 38% greater force to rupture when compared with the small kernels. In addition, the kernel toughness decreased with increase of the kernel size. These results could be useful in modification of existing groundnut processing (milling) equipment.

The research was aimed to determine the chemical and antimicrobial characteristics of the microparticle kinang extract using ultrasonication on various temperature and time ultrasonication process. This study uses a randomized factorial completely design with two treatment. The measuring parameters was consisted of chemical properties (antioxidant activity, total phenol, moisture content and pH value) and antimicrobial analysis (antibacterial activity). The results showed that time of ultrasonication treatment had significant effect on antioxidant activity, total phenol, antibacterial activity, moisture content and pH value. And temperature of ultrasonication treatment had significant effect on total phenol, antibacterial activity, moisture content and pH value. The interaction between time of ultrasonication and temperature of ultrasonication had significant effect on antibacterial activity, moisture content and pH value.

Halophilic bacteria have special metabolic mechanism and physiological structure, which can change soil properties to achieve economic benefits, and have great research value and development potential. The development of new salttolerant strains can tap the strain potential and contribute genotypes of new strains to the database. The ultimate goal is to improve the crop yield, enrich the variety of planted crops and increase the utilization rate of saline-alkali land. So as to improve the soil conditions to increase food production, protect the environment and green saline land and other goals. Targeted enrichment method and liquid dilution coated plate method were used to isolate and screen bacteria with high salt tolerance, and then phylogenetic analysis method based on 16S rDNA gene sequence was used to establish the bacterial gene tree.

The objective of the research was to determine chemical and antimicrobial characteristics of kinang extract powder produced with maceration method. The study used a factorial randomized block design. Two factors were investigated, namely maceration time (24, 48 and 72 hours) and sieve size (60, 80 and 100 mesh). All experiment was conducted in triplicates. The following parameters were observed, including chemical (antioxidant activity, total phenol, moisture content and bulk density) and microbial (antibacterial activity). The result showed that maceration time had significant effects on antioxidant activity, total phenol, antibacterial activity, moisture content and bulk density, whereas sieve size significantly affected moisture content and bulk density. Moreover, interaction of the two factors had significant effects on antibacterial activity and bulk density.