DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2020.v09i09.004

Pages: 272-277

The physicochemical characteristics of graphene-based nanometrics are ideal for a variety of electronic, telecommunication, energy, and healthcare applications. Human and environmental exposure to graphenic nanomaterials increases due to the synthesis, characterization and mass processing of graphene as well as the growth of biomedical and consumer products based on graphene. Throughout this paper, we analyze the various available synthetic methods of graphic nanomaterials and discuss in-vitro and in-vivo mammalian cell-associated biological structure and toxicity of these nanomaterials. Different synthesis strategies were developed to generate the chemical and physical properties of graphene nanometries. As such their relationships with cells and organs also change. Literature published bio-structure and cytotoxicity results from graphene nanomaterials. In particular, graphene nanomaterials in in-vitro cell cultivation and animal models may contain toxic chemical residues, interfere with graphene cell interactions and complicate interpretation of the experimental results. Synthesis methods including exfoliation of the liquid phase and wet chemical oxidation require harmful organic solvents, surfactants, strong acids and oxidants to dissolve graphite flakes. Such biological and inorganic molecules, which interfere with living cells and tissues, activate toxins or eventually cause necrobiosis, can be deposited with the final graphene products. Residual chemicals in living cells pose a high risk of toxicity from graphene. This study summarizes the synthesis of nanomaterials, cytotoxicity, bioavailability, and various applications.