Introduction: Since India is a developing country, our health infrastructure is not well standardised at every hospital. Some hospitals are providing all documentation and special care to glaucoma patients by establishing Glaucoma Clinics (GC), but unfortunately their numbers are very less in our country. So we want to study the beneficial impact of GC in glaucoma patient treatment. Material and methods: All those patients’ records who are diagnosed as glaucoma and being treated for the same in glaucoma clinic or in routine OPD for a minimum period of 2 years are analyzed in the study. Results: 1298 patients from glaucoma clinic and 710 patients from routine OPD fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study. Out of these 710 OPD patients 143 patients (20.1%) did not have glaucoma based on evaluation in our glaucoma clinic. 1268 (97.7%) glaucoma clinic patient out of 1298 have achieved the target IOP, whereas 489 (86.2%) OPD patients out of total 567 which is statically significant P valve <0.0001. Glaucoma progression was 1% in Glaucoma Clinic group in compression to 13% in OPD group which is statically insignificant p valve 0.028. Discussion: A good adherence and persistency to the treatment is necessary but cost, misbelieve, non communication between doctor and patients are major obstruction. By establishing G C better information, communication and education can be given that’s the reason of higher follow up compliance and adherence than OPD patients and previous studies. Conclusion: Glaucoma is a sight threatening disease and the number of such patient is increasing day by day. So to negotiate the upcoming health threat we should surely focus on establishing the specialized glaucoma clinics.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), initially named novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV, is a single-stranded RNA virus. Covid has been designated as pandemic by WHO. Adaptability and mutations of the virus made the treatment modalities difficult and complications even worsen. Human to human transmission is more in crowded areas, social and mass gathering and making the virulence more and more. Patients suffering from symptoms of like fever, cough, dyspnoea, myalgia, headache, and sore throat were considered who attended the OPD of medicine and other departments. Severity of clinical symptoms can vary between individuals. 81% of cases were described as mild (i.e. non-pneumonia and mild pneumonia). 14% of cases were severe (i.e. dyspnea, respiratory frequency ≥30/min, blood oxygen saturation ≤93%, partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio 50% within 24–48 h), and 5% were critical (i.e. respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction or failure). Treatment depends on the supportive and invasive methods. Preventive measures are better modalities and still holds good to decrease the spread of coronavirus which includes handwash using sanitizers, N95 masks and spacing.

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is an important crop with high pro-vitamin A carotenoids content. In Nigeria, the major papaya fruit flesh colours observed is the yellow and red-fleshed varieties. To differentiate the yellow and red-fleshed papaya varieties, a study carried out to genetically delineate the yellow and red-fleshed papaya varieties to establish their phylogenetic relationship and varietal differences using molecular markers as a diagnostic tool. DNA was extracted from the young leaves of the yellow- and red-fleshed varieties at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology and Bioresources Research Centre, University of Port Harcourt with ZYMO Quick-DNA™ Plant/Seed Miniprep Kit. The gDNA quantity and concentration were measured using the Nanodrop 2000c spectrophotometer and Agarose gel electrophoresis. The gDNA samples were shipped to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Bioscience Center, Ibadan, for amplification using the Ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) primers and the amplicons were sequenced using the ABI3500 capillary electrophoresis sequencer. The DNA sequence file was saved in the Bioedit file with extension .ab1. The sequence was analyzed using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) version 7.0.26 software, and aligned using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for nucleotide (BLASTN) 2.8.0 version of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The amplified DNA sequences of the two papaya varieties yielded 580 base pairs. The result of the taxonomy report generated from the sequences of the two papaya varieties matched 64 sequences of the members of the Caricaeae family, of which 21 sequences hits matched Carica papaya and 23 sequences hits matched the Vasconcella genus. The BLAST phylogenetic tree indicated that both papaya species were grouped together with Carica papaya cultivars in the NCBI database. Also, the sequences of the yellow-fleshed papaya (NKECHI_RBCL_6) and ..........

Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, is one of the key pests that cause great damage to cotton plant as well as other field and vegetable crops. Plant products, as a promising alternative to the synthetic insecticides, have now been established worldwide. In this work we studied for the first time the insecticidal activity of the sesquiterpene compound, nerolidol, and its effect on growth, development and metamorphosis of S. littoralis. The newly moulted larvae of 5th (penultimate) or 6th (last) instar larvae were fed on castor bean leaves previously treated with seven concentrations of Nerolidol (400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 & 6.25 ppm) for 24 hr. The most important results could be summarized as follows. Nerolidol exhibited various degrees of insecticidal activity against larvae, pupae and adults, regardless the instar under treatment. Nerolidol was found more toxic after treatment of last instar larvae (LC50=42.24 ppm) than after treatment of penultimate instar larvae (LC50=50.01 ppm). A remarkable reduction of larval weight gain was recorded, in a dose-dependent course. Similarly, the larval growth was drastically suppressed. The larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged. Some percentages of the treated 5th instar larvae failed to completely moult into the 6th instar, only at the higher three concentrations. Also, some larvae developed into larval-pupal intermediates. Nerolidol exerted a strong inhibitory action on the pupation rate in a dose-dependent course while the adult emergence was partially blocked, only at the higher concentrations. Nerolidol failed to exert anti-morphogenic action on S. littoralis after treatment of 5th instar larvae, but treatment of 6th instar larvae only with the higher two concentrations resulted in an impaired morphogenesis of some pupae.