Potential activation of clinical pharmacist role is of great importance in reducing the IV administration errors which are well-known problem in hospitals. IV errors have been shown to be frequent and serious. The purpose of the review was to describe the role of a clinical pharmacist involvement in IV dose preparation and administration. Many observational studies have been identified the pharmacist need in reduction of IV errors. Greater safety of this medication process can be achieved through clinical pharmacist interventions like training and supervision of nurses, raising nurse’s awareness of IV error rates through reporting and implementing standard policies and procedures for IV medication administrations. With this information, the review focused on role of clinical pharmacist in intravenous administration errors.

In the present study Nanosponges were prepared by solvent evaporation method employing Β-Cyclodextrin and HP β-cyclodextrin as a polymer. Gliplizide is taken as model drug for studying various formulations of cyclodextrin based nanosponges. The compatibility of various formulation components was established by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology, particle size, production yield, and drug entrapment efficiency of Nanosponges were examined. Shape and surface morphology of the Nanosponges were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Particle size of prepared Nanosponges was observed in the range of 532.9 to 633.5nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the Nanosponges. SEM photographs revealed the spherical nature of the Nanosponges in all variations; however, at higher ratios, drug crystals were observed on the nanosponge surface. Increase in the drug/polymer ratio (1:1 to 1:3) increased their yield (10.23 ± to 35.69), which is in increasing order due to the increase in the concentration of polymer but after certain concentration it was observed that as the ratio of drug to polymer was increased, the particle size decreased, the drug content of different formulations was found in the range 94.4 to 98.6%,the entrapment efficiency of different formulations were found in the range of 78.10 to 94.40%, the maximum drug release of the formulation with HP β cyclodextrin was found to be 99.71%.

Globally, cancer constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence and prevalence. Drug utilization studies promote rational use of drugs. This retrospective, observational and descriptive study assessed the prescribing pattern of anticancer medications in a tertiary care hospital in South-South Nigeria. Ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from the hospital ethics committee before data collection. The hospital medical records of January 2005 to December 2014, of 782 adult cancer patients aged 18years and above were consecutively selected. Altogether, 30 types of cancer were observed. The results also indicated that cancer was more common in females 456 (58.3%) than in males 326 (41.7%). Overall, patients between 61 and 70years were affected more by cancer, while breast cancer affected more patients between 41 to 50years. Overall 33 anticancer drugs were prescribed at a frequency of 1548(100.0%). Anticancer drugs were commonly prescribed in combination. Overall, Cyclophosphamide + Epirubicin + 5FU was the most frequently prescribed combination regimen 99 (38.1%) for breast cancer patients, while overall, Flutamide was the most frequently prescribed single agent regimen 154(76.2%) for patients with prostate cancer. Moreover, the most commonly prescribed anticancer drug was cyclophosphamide 214 (13.82%). This study has thus provided information on the prescribing pattern of anticancer medications at a tertiary health facility in South-South Nigeria, and has indicated the need for periodic prescription audit and review in order to promote rational drug prescribing.

Serum creatinine is widely used in the assessment of renal function to detect and prognosis of conditions with impaired renal function. Serum creatinine is a convenient test, but it has several limitations to interpret renal function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation uses serum creatinine levels along with other variables, but still it can be erroneous due to many confounding variables. Extensive efforts by scientific community improved specificity of the creatinine assays and standardized it across different laboratories. Sensitivity of serum creatinine in severe renal impairment is better in relation to poor sensitivity in detection of early damage. Diseases of the kidney will increase tubular secretion and extra-renal elimination of creatinine. Several drugs block, tubular secretion of creatinine. Changes in muscle mass and protein metabolism significantly affect serum creatinine levels. A combination of serum creatinine and serum cystatin C was found to be less erroneous as the confounding factors for both shall not be the same. Limitations of serum creatinine levels should be considered while making relevant clinical decisions in a patient with renal impairment.

Changes in lipid profile are seen in many patients infected with malaria parasite. The malaria parasite causes hepatocellular damage and disturbs lipid handling by the liver. Inside hepatocytes and erythrocytes the parasite replicates rapidly scavenging cholesterol and lipids required for its growth and metabolism from the host. It also requires host lipids for detoxification of free heme to form the malarial pigment, haemozoin. Aim to Assess Serum lipid profile in patients with malaria in Khartoum state. Material and methods the present study was analytical cross-sectional study carried out during Sep 2016 to Dec 2016, at Khartoum State at alssagai rural hospital. Total of one hundred individuals were enrolled in this study, and classified into two groups 50 patients with malaria as case group and 50 healthy individuals as control group. Result as compared there is difference in HDL, LDL, cholesterol and triglycerides between malaria patients and control subjects (p<0.05). Patients with malaria showed low HDL (20.00 ±3.76mg/dL versus44.52 ± 4.85 mg/dL), low LdL (59.00 ±16.15 mg/dL versus107.76 ±9.76mg/dL), low cholesterol (114.78 ± 16.75mg/dL versus175.34 ± 16.83 mg/dL) and elevated triglycerides (172.4 ± 25.63mg/dL versus135.7 ± 11.66 mg/dL). The observations show a statistically significant. Conclusions malaria infection, both P. vivax and P. falciparum infections, causes derangements in lipid profile that are characterized by low serum, low HDL, low LDL and high triglyceride levels but differ in total cholesterol level . These derangements may be of diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value

The persistence of malaria in Nigeria is a source of public health challenge and this has resulted in various treatment-seeking behaviour among the citizenry. Many factors have been shown to influence the choice of healthseeking behaviour and of particular importance are the socio-economic and cultural factors which differ a lot from different communities in Nigeria. In order to win the war against malaria, it is important to identify these factors in the various communities. The study was designed to determine the prevalence of malaria and treatment-seeking behaviour of the people living in Azikoro Town and Aluu community of Bayelsa and Rivers States respectively. A prospective community based study was conducted on a sample size of 203 and 282 persons in Azikoro Town and Aluu Community respectively using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit and well-structured questionnaires to retrieve socio-demographic information from respondents. Data collected was analysed using SPSS package. The results showed 12.3%and 10.8% prevalence rate in Aluu community and Azikoro town respectively with highest prevalence occurring among age groups 20-29 (6.4 %) and 10-19 (5.4 %) respectively. Various methods ranging from insecticides use to herbal medicines were employed by the people for prevention and treatment of malaria. The study revealed the prevalence of malaria and measures employed by the people in the two communities for the prevention and treatment of malaria. There is need for continuous sensitization and public awareness programmes for the prevention and treatment of malaria in the country

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is physical and emotional symptoms that developed within one to two week of menstrual cycle. These symptoms destroyed normal women life and many drugs available to manage this syndrome but associated with more serious side effects, therefore; trying to find another management with sufficient efficacy like Omega-3 fatty acids which have many pharmacological effects. This study involved 130 obese women with diagnostic PMS which are assessed using case sheet including essential equation, then classified into two groups, receiving Omega- 3 fatty acids in two different dose 1000mg and 2000 mg respectively. There were significant differences between results of before and after using Omega-3 fatty acid (P<0.05). So, the 1st dose improved somatic and psychiatric symptoms in certain ratio 1:2 and 2nd dose give highly significant improvement reach to complete relief some symptoms. In conclusion, the present results suggest that Omega-3 fatty acids are considering a good management to obese women with PMS.

Vitamin D is afat soluble vitamin essential for bone health. Its deficiency is highly prevalent all over the world without adequate steps or efforts to solve this problem. The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of orally administered versus intramuscularly administered vitamin D preparation. Sixty patients with Hypovitaminosis D participated in the study. Thirty of them (50%) preferred the oral route for taking vitamin D while the other 30patient (50%)chose the intramuscular(I.M) injection route. Both groups used the same preparation. Two weeks later vitamin D serum level was re-checked, and a comparison of the results of the two groups was recorded. The serum level of vitamin D after (I.M) administration showed marked increment compared with results after oral way despite using the same dose in both routes, although both routs cause a significant increment .The study concluded that I.M administration of vitamin D increased its serum level more effectively than the oral route of the same dose.

Inverted papilloma is a tumour which arising from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It is common in males in 4th to 6th decades and is fairly uncommon neoplasm of the nasal region. The epithelium of this tumour consist of many layers, typically squamus or ciliated columnar cells. Sometimes transitional epithelium enclosed by layer of columnar or squamous cells. A peroxidase-labeled streptavidin-biotin technique was used in Immunohistochemical staining. The staining strength of epithelial cells in nasal papilloma mucosa was analogous to the nasal mucosa of inferior turbinate. The staining was detained to the cytoplasm as well as the plasma membrane, which was deep in the basal part and feeble in the upper part. Total removal of the tumour should be done as final management of inverted papillomas with very long term follow-up ( nearly 2 years ) to notice any consequent recurrences

In ocular delivery the physiological constraints imposed by the protective mechanisms of the eye lead to low absorption of drugs, resulting in a short duration of the therapeutic effect, poor bioavailability exhibited by these conventional eye drops. Thus the rapid pre corneal elimination of the drug can be overcome by these in situ gelling systems that are instilled as drops into the eye and undergo a sol-to-gel transition in the cul-de-sac and improves the residence time of the drug in the eye is increased, bioavailability and patient compliance compare to eye drops. The purpose of the present research work was the optimization and evaluation of pH induced ophthalmic in-situ gel of Ofloxacin. The in-situ gel formulation were prepared by simple mixing method based on the pH triggering system by incorporation of various polymers like HPMC K10, HPMC K100 and Carbopol-940 in different proportions. The in-situ gel characteristics were evaluated for Clarity, gel pH, gel Capacity, Viscosity, sterility testing and in-vitro drug release studies. Optimization was done by using in-vitro diffusion study. The optimized formula showed no significant changes on stability studies when stored at 40ºC/75% RH for one month according to ICH guidelines.

The prime aim of the swot up is to observe the flavonoids and phenolic acids in three commercial herbal antiarthritis formulations. HPTLC method was adopted to confirm the presence of these common secondary metabolites in the tested commercial herbal formulations. Results of the study clearly revealed that these three formulations contain flavonoids -quercetin rutin and phenolic acid category gallic acid. The developed HPTLC method can be employed for the routine investigations of well-known free radical scavenger’s rutin, quercetin and gallic acid in marketed herbal antiinflammatory and anti-arthritis formulations