Free gingival graft (FGG) continues to be most common and ideal procedure for the treatment of mucogingival problems. Amniotic membrane (AM) has shown promising results in context to healing and patients comfort in various treatment modalities like local drug delivery, after vestibuloplasty, treatment of periodontal osseous defects, gingival recessions and furcation defects but its efficacy in covering palatal wound has not yet been tested so the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AM assisted healing as against natural healing of palatal wound after free gingival graft retrieval at different time intervals. In this randomized controlled trial 10 patients requiring treatment with FGG were selected. Palatal donor sites were randomly assigned (n=5 in each group) to experience either AM assisted healing (group A) or natural healing (group B). Healing at donor site was evaluated using Marini Early Wound Healing Score (EHS) and pain score by Wong and Baker Faces Scale (WBFS). Data were assessed and recorded at one, two and three weeks post-operatively. This prospective study showed statistically significant differences between test and control groups in terms of post-operative re-epithelization, inflammation, haemostasis and pain scores. Amniotic Membrane provides excellent predictability and reduction in inflammatory and pain scores resulting in better wound healing when used as periodontal dressing material as compared to natural healing in palatal free gingival graft wounds.

Since there is insufficient study about morphological and genetic alteration of acid rain using Allium cepa test; hence, this study was conducted. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was used to simulate acid rain. The two parameters were observed in six (6) treatments where in T1, served as negative control (distilled water at pH 7), followed by varying pH values of simulated sulfuric acid rain - T2 (pH 3.8), T3 (pH 4.08), T4 (pH 4.4), T5 (pH 4.63) and T6 (pH 5.32). To evaluate the morphological effects simulated sulfuric acid rain, number of root counts, percentage root growth and root length were considered. On the other, mitotic index, chromosomal index and chromosomal aberration were the focused of genetic alteration of simulated sulfuric acid rain. Thus, T1, as negative control, showed higher percentage root growth, longer root lengths, higher MI value and lower CI value, as compared to the rest of the treatments. On the other hand, T3 (using pH value of 4.08) had the lowest number of roots grown. T2 (using pH value of 3.80) showed lowest percentage root growth, shortest roots lengths, lowest MI value and highest CI value, as compared to the rest of the treatments. Moreover, there were nine (9) chromosomal aberration identified. And all of these were observed in T2. These CAs include sticky, laggard, bridge, and vagrant chromosomes, micronucleus, fragments, polyploidy, binucleate and nuclear lesions. But in T7, having the lowest frequency of aberrant cell, only sticky and vagrant chromosomes, fragments and polyploidy were the chromosomal aberrations observed in this treatment. It can be concluded that low pH values of simulated sulfuric acid did interfere with cell division and has genotoxicity effect on the cells as indicated by the morphological facet of the A. cepa roots. Thus, these results suggest that the lower pH value of simulated sulfuric acid rain, the more adverse morphological and genetic alteration effect to A. cepa.

Three common medicinal plants in the Philippines, Gliricidia sepium (madre de cacao), Melothria pendula (wild pipino), and Pithecellobium dulce (Camachile), were studied to determine their phytochemical components. Healthy, matured leaves of which were collected from Piat, Cagayan, thoroughly washed, air-dried, and then subjected for ethanolic extraction. Phytochemical analysis showed that G. sepium contains coumarins, saponins, steroids (cardiac glycosides), tannins, and terpenoids. M. pendula, on the other hand, possesses alkaloids, anthraquinones, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and xanthoproteins. P. dulce, meanwhile, has alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and xanthoproteins. These secondary metabolites present on the leaf extract of the aforementioned plants have various pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial. This is the reason that these plants were widely used in the local community for the treatment and immediate remedy for common ailments such as fever, loose bowel, and simple wounds.