The immune system is coordinated by a number of cytokines which are regarded as chemical messengers of immunity. Some of them are pro-inflammatory (e.g. IL-2), some are anti-inflammatory (e.g. IL-6), some can be regarded as a switch between pro and anti-inflammatory processes (e.g. TNF-α). Further, immune regulation in body is a proper balance between mitosis and apoptosis occurring simultaneously in the body. In the present chapter we explored the spleen and thymus functions by assessing %SR and % apoptotic rate of splenocytes and thymocytes being significantly high levels of cell proliferation (in terms of %SR) and apoptosis rate during monsoon and winter seasons. We noted IL-2 (a pro-inflammatory cytokine), IL-6 (an anti-inflammatory cykine), TNF-α (a switch between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine) and IFN-γ (a marker of viral infection) in circulation of goats. We noted significantly high levels of IL-2 and TNF-α levels during monsoon and winter but IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were only high during monsoon. Hence, to ameliorate the elevated inflammatory stress level particularly during monsoon goats have evolved a number of adaptive strategies. But, simultaneously during monsoon the gonadal steroid levels are also high which are reported as immune suppressor. Thus, the basic query may arise how goats are proved to be a better survivor under the season of stress (particularly during monsoon) when the level of potent immune enhancer neurohormone melatonin level is also low.

The immune system is coordinated by a number of cytokines which are regarded as chemical messengers of immunity. Some of them are pro-inflammatory (e.g. IL-2), some are anti-inflammatory (e.g. IL-6), some can be regarded as a switch between pro and anti-inflammatory processes (e.g. TNF-α). Further, immune regulation in body is a proper balance between mitosis and apoptosis occurring simultaneously in the body. In the present chapter we explored the spleen and thymus functions by assessing %SR and % apoptotic rate of splenocytes and thymocytes being significantly high levels of cell proliferation (in terms of %SR) and apoptosis rate during monsoon and winter seasons. We noted IL-2 (a pro-inflammatory cytokine), IL-6 (an anti-inflammatory cykine), TNF-α (a switch between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine) and IFN-γ (a marker of viral infection) in circulation of goats. We noted significantly high levels of IL-2 and TNF-α levels during monsoon and winter but IFN-γ and IL-6 levels were only high during monsoon. Hence, to ameliorate the elevated inflammatory stress level particularly during monsoon goats have evolved a number of adaptive strategies. But, simultaneously during monsoon the gonadal steroid levels are also high which are reported as immune suppressor. Thus, the basic query may arise how goats are proved to be a better survivor under the season of stress (particularly during monsoon) when the level of potent immune enhancer neurohormone melatonin level is also low.

Tay-Sachs disease is a rare hereditary disease that increasingly destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and nerve structure. The foremost common variety of monogenic disorder becomes apparent in infancy. Babies with this disease usually look traditional till the age of three to six months, once their development slows and muscles used for movement weaken. Affected infants lose motor skills like turning over, sitting, and travel. They additionally develop Associate in nursing exaggerated start to loud noises. Because the sickness progresses, youngsters with monogenic disorder expertise seizures, vision and deafness, intellectual incapacity, and disfunction. Youngsters with this severe infantile variety of monogenic disorder sometimes live solely into infancy.