The use of magnification and microsurgery to perform various procedures are recent developments in medical and dental field. The available literature specifically of periodontal surgical procedures was analysed and compiled, and it indicated that when magnification is incorporated in periodontal practice, it improves visual acuity, decreased patient morbidity, ergonomic benefits, rapid healing, and enhanced patient acceptance. The illumination and magnifi¬cation provided by the operating micro¬scope as well as the use of microsurgical instrumentation have allowed microsur¬geons to perform procedures with more precision. Microsurgery is an interesting concept in the minds of many dental professionals, yet the inability of most clinicians to perform such procedures shows the dental professions lack of understanding of what microsurgery truly encompasses. The objective of the present paper is to offer a brief review on periodontal microsurgery, role of magnification systems, application of microsurgical principles in various periodontal surgical procedures, advantages of microsurgery over conventional surgery and to reinforce the use of microscope into periodontal practice.

Aim of the Study: Chemomechanical caries removal using carisolv has been discussed as an alternative method to a conventional excavation system. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of two caries removal techniques (conventional bur, and Chemomechanical removal/Carisolv™) on dentine shear bond strength (SBS) using SEM. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of forty recently extracted permanent human molar divided into four groups. 30 Molars with coronal dentine caries extending approximately half-way through the dentine were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group 1: Caries was removed using Carisolv and the dentine surfaces of the sample was etched before applying composite bonding agent. Group 2: Caries was removed using carisolv without etching the dentine surface before applying bonding composite resin. Group 3: Caries was removed using a low-speed burs and hand excavation. Group 4: the Control Group consists of ten molars with Sound occlusal dentin surfaces. After preparing the sample they were subjected to thermo cycling for 500 cycles at 5-55°c with dowel time 15 seconds, and then they were tested in INSTRON device for SBS tests. Scanning electron microscopy was used to ascertain the kind of failure at the composite dentine interface. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (P = 0.05). Results: Results showed that there was no different in bond strengths between Carisolv group and sound dentin group which were higher than the bond strength of mechanical group and Carisolv group without etching (P = 0.05). Failure at the level of restoration material was cohesive specially with sound dentine samples which have the higher bond strength. Conclusions: Chemomechanical caries using Carisolv enhanced the bond strength to dentine surface comparing with mechanical caries removal.

Background and Aim: One of the important disadvantages of amalgam restorations is its disability of bonding to tooth substance that necessitates over preparation of the tooth to produce mechanical retention for the filling material. Thus, several materials were marked to bond Amalgam to tooth structure. Material and Methods: 20 extracted human premolars were flattened occlusally to expose dentin. The teeth where mounted in phenolic rings with acrylic resin. Split Teflon mold was applied over the dentin surface contains a holed cylinder with a diameter of 2 mm and a height of 2 mm works as a matrix for applying the filling material. The teeth were divided into 2 equal groups according to the restorative and bonding materials used: (PQ Amalgam-Amalgam, Excite-Estilite), Specimens were thermo cycled (500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C). The fracture surfaces were then observed by a stereomicroscope. Results: Data was subjected to a T student, statistical studies revealed that shear bond strengths of the Excite-Estilite group were greater than the PQ Amalgam-Amalgam group (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study showed, Bonding amalgam to dentin using its special bonding material did not increase the bond strength between amalgam and dentin.