Acanthoplus discoidalis is an insect that has potential use in new product development because of its nutritional quality. This study focused on function properties of A. discoidalis flour. Protein solubility, bulk density, water and oil holding capacity and foaming and emulsifying properties were determined. Protein solubility values of A. discoidalis protein extract at different temperatures were minimum at pH 5. After sieving of the ground flour, the highest retention yields for both the oven dried and sun dried insect flour were observed at mesh size 150µm thus, 47 % and 45 % respectively. Bulk density ranged from 52.33 to 82.67g/mL. Water holding capacity values ranged from 236 to 183.73g/g. A comparison between the water holding capacity with relation to mesh size revealed that the finer the flour, the lower the water binding capacity. No significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between water holding capacity of the protein isolate and oven dried A. discoidalis flour ground to 500µm. Oil holding capacity of A. discoidalis flour ranged from 110.57 to 179.67g/g. Significant differences (p < 0.05) for oil holding capacity were observed between air dried and sun dried flour samples. Foaming capacity values of A. discoidalis flour ranged from 4 to 33.83%. Foaming capacity decreased with an increase in mesh size for both the oven dried and sun dried flour samples. No significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between foaming stability of the protein isolate and that of sun dried flour ground to 300 and 500µm. Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability values ranged from 43.33 to 84.07% and 24.73 to 41.83% respectively. The obtained results could be valuable to industries that would want to take up A. discoidalis in their formulation of improved foods and feeds. Insect flours are rich in protein, good extenders, good thickeners and good gelling agents.

The study deals with the assessment of wastewater irrigation practices and soil properties in connection with demographic information, availability of water sources, health hazards and the benefit-cost analysis in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data on farmers' perceptions and responses to mainly agricultural production issues. It found that most respondents used wastewater because they had no alternative sources and sank their land during rush hour as well as the rainy season due to the lack of a proper wastewater disposal system by adjacent industries. The majority of respondents had skin problems from working with wastewater. No significant benefits were found from using direct wastewater in the fields. Irrigation costs could be reduced, however, fertilizer costs as well as the total cost of plant production were not adequate. The farmers did not get as much grown grain as they wanted. In addition, indirect wastewater users were rated better compared to direct users from the drainage canal. Farmers' perception showed that no major impact on the consumption of crops was noted, but rather the long-term use of wastewater in the field, which gradually reduced crop production and affected soil fertility. To evaluate Ca ++, Mg ++, K +, N, P, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni from the investigation area; It was examined that the concentration of N, P and Cd was much higher than the standard limit. The heavy metal concentration series were as follows: Cd <Cu <Ni <Pb. In summary, the overall results of the study suggest that untreated or partially treated wastewater will slowly affect land and crop production in the long run.

The article describes a research which is focused on the design and construction of a portable boiler. This is to enhance energy system in Africa and the world at large. Water at atmospheric pressure of 1.613252bar, 25°c was supplied to the pressure to an absolute pressure of 4.5bar, a burner and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used to supply heat to the boiler that raised the water at the copper piping to a saturation temperature or 147.9°c there by producing steam. During testing 0.5kg of gas was burnt for 25min and the wet steam generated at the exist pipe was at a gauge pressure of 3.2bar. The steam generated find application in textile industries for sizing and bleaching, sugar mills, chemical industries and production of hot water for hot water supply. In conclusion, the developed modular boiler is efficient and effective at optimal working condition.