Background: Oesophageal varices are abnormally enlarged veins in the tube that connect the throat and esophagus. Such condition occurs most often in people with serious liver diseases. On the other hand, chronic liver disease denotes the disease of the liver which lasts over a period of months or more. The serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is a formula that is used to assist in determining the etiology of ascites. We don’t have any research-based information regarding the correlation between serum ascites albumin gradient and Oesophageal varices in chronic liver disease. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between serum ascites albumin gradient and Oesophageal varices in chronic liver disease. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Hepatology, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2005 to December 2005. In total 50 patients with cirrhosis with ascites with high SAAG values (>1.1 gm/dl) were included as the study people. The age of the patients was 15 to 70 years. Both males and females were included in the study. All data were entered into a personal computer, thoroughly checked for any possible error, and then processed and analyzed by the SPSS program. The significance of the test was tested by the chi-square test. P-value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Correlation analysis was done by the Pearson correlation test. Results: In this study, in the SAAG group 1.10-1.49 gm/dl, there were 15 patients, 8 patients (53.28%) of them had small varices, 4 patients (26.64%) had medium-sized varices and 2 patients (13.32%) had large-sized varices. In the SAAG group 1,50-1.99 gm/dl, there were 9 patients, 1 patient (11.11%) of them had small sized varices, 6 patients (66.66%) had medium sized varices and 2 patients (22.22%) had large-sized varices. In SAAG group >2 gm/dl, there were 26 patients. Nine (9) patients (34.2%) of them had small-sized varices, ..........

Background and objectives: To study the efficacy of peri-tonsillar infiltration of 0.75%ropivacaine with adrenaline in the management of post-tonsillectomy pain. Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, B.G. Nagara, Mandya district. The study period was from November 2017 to July 2019. A sample size of 30 patients which satisfied the inclusion criteria was included in the study. Ropivacaine (0.75%) with Adrenaline (1:200000) was locally infiltrated on the right side (R-side) in the peri-tonsillar region before the surgery and in the tonsillar fossa after the surgery. The left side was considered as the control side. Patients were followed up on 1st and 7th post-operative days for the measurement of post-operative pain. For the assessment of post-operative pain, Visual Analogue Scale was used (VAS). Results: 17(56.7%) females and 13(43.3%) males participated in the study. Majority of the cases belonged to <10 years of age group. On 1st post-operative day, pain on the right side was significantly lower compared to the left side (p value <0.0001), however the reduction of pain scores on right side compared with that of the left side was not significant (p value=0.536) on the 7th post-operative day. Interpretation and conclusion: The peri-tonsillar infiltration of ropivacaine(0.75%) with adrenaline (1:200000) is effective and significant in reducing post-operative pain on the 1st post-operative day, but not so significant on the 7th post-operative day .Hence we recommend the use of peri-tonsillar infiltration of ropivacaine (0.75%) with adrenaline in view of better management of post-operative pain.

Background: The BPTB graft and quadruple graft of semitendinosus and gracilis are the two most popular options for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Objective: To assess the efficacy of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon grafts and biodegradable screw fixation in ACL injury. Methodology: This prospective interventional study was carried out at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and a private hospital in Dhaka from July 2014 to May 2016. Thirty-one (31) patients with ACL injuries were treated with arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL using a quadrupled hamstring autograft of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon, as well as a rehabilitation protocol. Patients were routinely followed up on and an outcome evaluation was performed at 24 weeks. Subjective and objective evaluations were performed using the IKDC and Lysholm knee scoring scales to compare preoperative and postoperative outcomes. Results: All patients had either a grade II or a grade III positive Lachman test before surgery. There was a statistically significant improvement after surgery, with 87 percent (27 patients) having a negative Lachman test and only 13 percent (4 patients) having a positive Lachman test. The pre-operative Lysholm knee score was 53, and the postoperative Lysholm knee score was 90, indicating a significant improvement (p0.05). Excellent results (>94–100 points) were obtained in 12 (38.7 percent) patients, good results (>84–94 points) in 15 (48.4 percent) patients, fair results (>64–84 points) in 2 (6.5 percent) patients, and poor results (64 points) in 2 (6.5 percent) patients, according to the Lysholm knee scoring scale. Conclusion: Quadrupled Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction ACL injury patients can benefit from a hamstring graft of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon and fixation with a biodegradable.